Table 3.

Logistic Regression Models of 5 Follow-up Military Readiness Outcomes (n = 30,612)

	LBP early treatment groupsb Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval
Follow-up Outcome Modela	NPT only	Opioid onlyc	Opioid and NPTc	Tramadol only	Tramadol and NPT	Treatment intensityc: Opioid days supply >7 days
Military Duty Limitation	0.86*** [0.81–0.91]	1.14*** [1.04–1.26]	1.06 [0.94–1.20]	1.09 [0.97–1.23]	1.08 [0.93–1.26]	1.04 [0.94–1.14]
Pain-related inpatient stay	0.68*** [0.58–0.79]	1.15 [0.94–1.41]	1.08 [0.84–1.33]	0.97 [0.75–1.24]	0.80 [0.57–1.11]	1.36*** [1.12–1.64]
ED visit for LBP	0.90 [0.79–1.03]	1.73*** [1.46–2.04]	1.42*** [1.15–1.76]	0.99 [0.79–1.24]	1.04 [0.78–1.38]	1.13 [0.96–1.32]
Moderate or Severe pain	1.06 [0.99–1.12]	1.20*** [1.09–1.33]	1.25*** [1.11–1.42]	1.26*** [1.12–142]	1.28*** [1.10–1.49]	0.96 [0.87–1.05]
Opioid or tramadol use	0.91*** [0.85–0.96]	1.67*** [1.52–1.84]	1.46*** [1.29–1.65]	1.66*** [1.48–1.86]	1.42*** [1.23–1.65]	1.60*** [1.46–1.76]

Each regression model included covariates for gender, age group, race/ethnicity group, rank group, deployment status, region, and provider type, MTF clinic, MTF size, and patient status covariates measured in first 30 days of the LBP episode (moderate pain score, severe pain score, and military duty limitation/hospitalization). The table in the appendix displays the results of the full model for a single outcome measure, military duty limitation.

^aFollow-up window was 91–365 days after index LBP encounter.

^bAll treatment indicators measured during first 30 days of LBP episode. For each treatment, the reference group is soldiers without NPT or opioids or tramadol.

^cThe full impact of opioid treatment is the sum of the opioid treatment coefficient and treatment intensity coefficient.

^***p ≤ 0.001.

ED, emergency department; LBP, low-back pain; MTF, military treatment facility; NPT, nonpharmacologic treatment included in the study.