Appendix Table A1.
Outcome Measured at Follow-Up by Early Treatment Group (n = 30,612)
| LBP early treatment groupb | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference group | NPT only | Opioid only | Opioid and NPT | Tramadol only | Tramadol and NPT | |
| Follow-up outcomea | Percent of patients with outcome | |||||
| Duty Limitation | 37.5 | 33.4 | 43.1 | 42.4 | 43.2 | 45.1 |
| Pain-related inpatient stay | 4.7 | 3.2 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 5.6 | 4.9 |
| ED visit for LBP | 5.4 | 4.6 | 11.6 | 9.6 | 6.3 | 6.8 |
| Moderate or Severe pain | 51.9 | 53.4 | 58.9 | 62.6 | 59.7 | 62.5 |
| Opioid or tramadol use | 31.6 | 28.7 | 51.5 | 47.5 | 51.5 | 48.5 |
Chi-square statistic of each early treatment modality with each outcome was significant at p ≤ 0.001.
a
Follow-up window was 91–365 days after index LBP encounter.
b
All treatment indicators measured during first 30 days of LBP episode. For each treatment, the reference group is soldiers without NPT or opioids or tramadol.
ED, emergency department; LBP, low-back pain; NPT, non-pharmaceutical treatments included in the study.