Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
| Characteristics | Study Cohort (n=283) | WRF (n=60) | No WRF (n=223) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, y | 70 (62, 79) | 73 (63, 82) | 69 (62, 79) | 0.14 |
| Male sex, % | 75 | 73 | 75 | 0.81 |
| White, % | 76 | 83 | 74 | 0.13 |
| Clinical variables | ||||
| SBP, mmHg | 114 (103, 126) | 119 (109, 134) | 113 (102, 125) | 0.02* |
| Edema ≥ 2+, % | 71 | 77 | 69 | 0.26 |
| Orthopnea, % | 89 | 95 | 88 | 0.13 |
| JVP ≥ 8 cm H2O, % | 96 | 97 | 95 | 0.68 |
| Rales, % | 55 | 60 | 54 | 0.38 |
| HF hospitalization, % | 67 | 61 | 69 | 0.25 |
| LVEF, % | 33 (20, 51) | 34 (25, 53) | 30 (20, 51) | 0.40 |
| LVEF <50%, % | 71 | 75 | 70 | 0.43 |
| IHD, % | 58 | 65 | 57 | 0.24 |
| DM type 2, % | 55 | 58 | 54 | 0.57 |
| AF/AFL, % | 58 | 63 | 57 | 0.34 |
| ICD, % | 45 | 37 | 47 | 0.15 |
| Baseline medications | ||||
| ACE-I/ARB, % | 50 | 57 | 48 | 0.26 |
| β-Blocker, % | 85 | 83 | 85 | 0.79 |
| Hydralazine, % | 20 | 28 | 18 | 0.08 |
| Nitrates, % | 25 | 38 | 22 | 0.01* |
| Aldosterone antagonist, % | 28 | 18 | 30 | 0.07 |
| Digoxin, % | 26 | 22 | 27 | 0.41 |
| Loop diuretic, % | 95 | 88 | 96 | 0.02* |
| Diuretic dose, mg | 100 (60, 160) | 120 (80, 190) | 100 (60, 160) | 0.70 |
| Laboratory values | ||||
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 1.70 (1.41, 2.15) | 1.59 (1.41, 2.03) | 1.73 (1.41, 2.17) | 0.15 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.63 (1.32,1.97) | 1.48 (1.26, 1.85) | 1.67 (1.38, 1.98) | 0.05* |
| eGFR, mL · min−1 · 1.73 m−2 | 44 (33, 56) | 47 (37, 58) | 44 (33, 54) | 0.18 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 37 (28, 50) | 33 (25, 44) | 38 (28, 54) | 0.02* |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 5268 (230, 10 348) | 5918 (1800, 9855) | 5249 (2371, 10 422) | 0.57 |
| NGAL, ng/mg · uCR | 68 (16, 443) | 64 (20, 252) | 73 (15, 555) | 0.69 |
| NAG, mU/mg · uCR | 8.9 (5.2, 17.4) | 8.1 (4.7, 12.3) | 9.0 (5.5, 18.1) | 0.31 |
| KIM-1, pg/mg · uCR | 960 (334, 3181) | 1118 (324, 2721) | 872 (368, 3220) | 0.54 |
Values are median (interquartile range) or n (%). ACE-I indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; AFL, atrial flutter; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; IHD, ischemic heart disease; JVP, jugular venous pressure; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule 1; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NAG, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; SBP, systolic blood pressure; and WRF, worsening renal function.
*
Significant.