Table 1.

Cohort Studies Analyzing Breastfeeding and Other Factors on Obesity^{6–8,10–24}

Author	Country	Sample size	Study design	Age at measurement	Comparison groups	Outcomes (reference)	OR (CI 95%)
O'Callaghan et al.10	Australia	2034	PC	5 years	Ever breastfed vs. never breastfed	Obesity BMI </ = 94th percentile	0.71 (0.43–1.25)
Armstrong et al.13	Scottland	32,200	RC	39–42 months	Exclusively breastfed vs. bottle fed at 6–8 months	Obesity (BMI </ = 95th percentile)	0.72 (0.65–0.79)
Bergmann et al.12	Germany	1314	PC	6 years	Breastfed for ≥3 months vs. Breastfed for <3 months	Obesity (BMI >97th percentile	0.46 (0.23–0.92)
Grummer-Strawn et al.8	US	12,587	RC	4 years	Breastfed for ≥12 months vs. Never breastfed	Overweight or Obesity (CDC)	0.72 (0.65–0.80)
Burke et al.16	Australia	1672	PC	1–8 years	Breastfed for ≥12 months vs. Never breastfed	Obesity (CDC)	1.83 (1.20–2.78)
Dubois et al.17	Canada	2103	PC	4.5 years	Breastfed for >/ = 3 months vs. breastfed for <3 months	Obesity (CDC)	1.0 (0.7–1.5)
Scholtens et al.18	Netherlands	2043	PC	8 years	Breastfed for >16 weeks vs. Breastfed for ≤16 weeks	Overweight or Obesity (IOTF)	0.70 (0.27–1.74)
Huus et al.11	Sweeden	14,244	PC	5 years	Exclusively breastfed for ≥4 months vs. Exclusively breastfed for <4 months	Obesity (WHO)	0.82 (0.55–1.23)
Kwok et al.19	China	7026	PC	7 years	Exclusively breastfed for ≥3 months vs. Never breastfed	Overweight or Obesity (IOTF)	1.09 (0.83–1.43)
Shields et al.20	Australia	2533	PC	21 years	Breastfed for >4 months vs. Never breastfed	Obesity (WHO)	0.93 (0.63–1.39)
Van Rossem et al.21	US	1579	PC	3 years	Exclusively breastfed vs. Mixed vs. bottle fed at 6 months	Obesity (IOTF)	.98 (.87–1.11)
McCrory et al.22	Ireland	3177	RC	9 years	Breastfed for ≥26 weeks vs. Never breastfed	Overweight and Obesity (IOTF)	0.62 (0.39–0.99)
Jwa et al.6	Japan	41,572	PC	5.5, 7 and 8 years	Exclusively breastfed vs. Mixed vs. bottle fed at 6 months	Overweight and Obesity (IOTF)	0.68 (0.53–0.87)
Shi et al.7	Canada	968	PC	6–11 years	Exclusive vs. Not exclusive vs. No breastfeeding at 6 months	Overweight and Obesity (WHO)	0.44 (0.31–0.63)
Yamakawa et al.14	Japan	30,780	PC	7 and 8 years	Partial vs. exclusive breastfeeding at 6–7 months	Overweight and obesity (IOTF)	0.85 (0.69–1.05)
Moss et al.23	US	14,150	PC	2 and 4 years	Breastfed vs. not breastfed measured at 9 months	Obesity (CDC)	0.64 (0.51–0.80)
Wallby et al.15	Sweeden	30,508	PC	4 years	Breastfed for ≥12 months vs. Never breastfed	Obesity (WHO)	0.55 (0.34–0.90)
Wang et al.24	US	1234	PC	5 years	Breastfed for ≥6 months vs. Never breastfed	Overweight and Obesity (CDC)	0.58 (0.36–0.94)

BMI, body mass index; IOTF, international obesity task force; RC, retrospective cohort; PC, prospective cohort; OR, odds ratio.