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. 2018 Feb 16;126(2):027009. doi: 10.1289/EHP2152

Table 3.

Adjusted association between a 1-μg/m3-higher past PM2.5 exposure and SD-unit brain volumes in 2011–2013 in the ARIC-NCS study.

Outcome and site n PM2.5 1990–1998 PM2.5 1999–2007 PM2.5 1990–2007
Beta (95% CI) p-Value I2/p-Value for heterogeneity Beta (95% CI) p-Value I2/p-Value for heterogeneity Beta (95% CI) p-Value I2/p-Value for heterogeneity
Total brain
 MN 419 0.09 (0.16, 0.01) 0.02 0.07 (0.11, 0.03) <0.01 0.1 (0.16, 0.05) <0.01
 MD 443 0.01 (0.03, 0.05) 0.58 0 (0.02, 0.02) 0.84 0 (0.03, 0.03) 0.96
 NC 446 0.03 (0.05, 0.11) 0.47 0.02 (0.09, 0.05) 0.54 0 (0.09, 0.08) 0.93
 MS 441 0.07 (0.09, 0.23) 0.38 0.04 (0.08, 0.16) 0.52 0.07 (0.09, 0.22) 0.39
 Combined 0 (0.06, 0.05) 0.87 58.1/0.07 0.02 (0.07, 0.02) 0.31 72.9/0.01 0.02 (0.09, 0.04) 0.5 75.8/0.01
Frontal lobe
 MN 417 0.1 (0.2, 0) 0.04 0.05 (0.11, 0.01) 0.08 0.09 (0.17, 0) 0.04
 MD 442 0.01 (0.06, 0.04) 0.76 0.01 (0.04, 0.01) 0.27 0.02 (0.05, 0.02) 0.36
 NC 446 0.02 (0.09, 0.13) 0.69 0.01 (0.09, 0.06) 0.75 0 (0.11, 0.11) 1
 MS 440 0.07 (0.08, 0.23) 0.36 0.02 (0.15, 0.11) 0.72 0.02 (0.14, 0.18) 0.81
 Combined 0.01 (0.07, 0.04) 0.63 35.8/0.20 0.02 (0.04, 0) 0.08 0/0.66 0.02 (0.05, 0.01) 0.13 0/0.41
Occipital lobe
 MN 417 0.09 (0.2, 0.03) 0.13 0.06 (0.13, 0) 0.06 0.1 (0.19, 0) 0.05
 MD 442 0 (0.06, 0.06) 0.97 0 (0.03, 0.02) 0.82 0 (0.04, 0.04) 0.91
 NC 446 0.01 (0.13, 0.14) 0.92 0.07 (0.16, 0.03) 0.17 0.06 (0.2, 0.08) 0.43
 MS 440 0.23 (0.02, 0.47) 0.07 0.15 (0.01, 0.31) 0.06 0.23 (0.02, 0.45) 0.04
 Combined 0 (0.08, 0.08) 1 46.5/0.13 0.02 (0.08, 0.04) 0.59 63.5/0.04 0.01 (0.10.1, 0.08) 0.79 64.0/0.04
Parietal lobe
 MN 417 0.1 (0.2, 0.01) 0.04 0.07 (0.14, 0.01) 0.08 0.1 (0.2, 0) 0.05
 MD 442 0.01 (0.04, 0.06) 0.65 0 (0.03, 0.02) 0.83 0 (0.04, 0.04) 0.99
 NC 446 0.01 (0.08, 0.1) 0.82 0.03 (0.09, 0.03) 0.34 0.02 (0.11, 0.07) 0.63
 MS 440 0.09 (0.1, 0.29) 0.36 0.05 (0.1, 0.19) 0.54 0.08 (0.11, 0.27) 0.39
 Combined 0.01 (0.07, 0.05) 0.77 44.4/0.15 0.01 (0.04, 0.01) 0.33 15.3/0.15 0.02 (0.07, 0.03) 0.48 34.4/0.21
Temporal Lobe
 MN 417 0.08 (0.17, 0.01) 0.08 0.05 (0.1, 0.01) 0.09 0.07 (0.15, 0) 0.05
 MD 442 0.01 (0.07, 0.04) 0.59 0 (0.03, 0.02) 0.82 0.01 (0.04, 0.03) 0.75
 NC 446 0.03 (0.07, 0.13) 0.54 0 (0.08, 0.08) 0.91 0.02 (0.09, 0.13) 0.71
 MS 440 0.24 (0.03, 0.45) 0.02 0.11 (0.04, 0.26) 0.14 0.21 (0.01, 0.41) 0.04
 Combined 0.01 (0.07, 0.09) 0.85 65.5/0.03 0.01 (0.04, 0.03) 0.68 35.7/0.20 0 (0.07, 0.07) 0.99 62.5/0.05
Deep gray
 MN 417 0.08 (0.21, 0.04) 0.19 0.06 (0.13, 0.01) 0.07 0.09 (0.2, 0.01) 0.07
 MD 442 0.04 (0.1, 0.02) 0.15 0.01 (0.04, 0.01) 0.29 0.03 (0.06, 0.01) 0.18
 NC 446 0.04 (0.18, 0.1) 0.55 0.04 (0.13, 0.05) 0.35 0.06 (0.19, 0.07) 0.38
 MS 440 0.11 (0.1, 0.32) 0.3 0.04 (0.12, 0.21) 0.61 0.09 (0.12, 0.29) 0.39
 Combined 0.04 (0.09, 0.01) 0.1 0/0.48 0.02 (0.04, 0) 0.09 0/0.46 0.03 (0.07, 0) 0.07 1.5/0.38
Hippocampus
 MN 416 0.01 (0.14, 0.12) 0.87 0.05 (0.12, 0.02) 0.15 0.06 (0.17, 0.05) 0.28
 MD 442 0.02 (0.1, 0.05) 0.53 0 (0.03, 0.04) 0.83 0 (0.05, 0.05) 1
 NC 443 0.07 (0.05, 0.2) 0.27 0.04 (0.17, 0.1) 0.6 0 (0.15, 0.16) 0.99
 MS 437 0.07 (0.32, 0.45) 0.74 0.12 (0.16, 0.41) 0.39 0.13 (0.25, 0.51) 0.5
 Combined 0 (0.06, 0.06) 0.99 0/0.63 0.01 (0.04, 0.02) 0.64 0/0.40 0.01 (0.05, 0.04) 0.71 0/0.68
AD signature
 MN 417 0.09 (0.19, 0.02) 0.11 0.03 (0.1, 0.04) 0.39 0.06 (0.15, 0.03) 0.2
 MD 442 0.01 (0.05, 0.06) 0.8 0.01 (0.03, 0.02) 0.7 0 (0.04, 0.03) 0.86
 NC 446 0.01 (0.09, 0.11) 0.85 0.02 (0.09, 0.05) 0.57 0.01 (0.12, 0.09) 0.8
 MS 440 0.2 (0.02, 0.42) 0.07 0.12 (0.03, 0.27) 0.12 0.2 (0.01, 0.4) 0.06
 Combined 0 (0.07, 0.07) 0.97 48.8/0.12 0.01 (0.03, 0.02) 0.63 9.2/0.35 0 (0.06, 0.05) 0.86 41.0/0.17

Note: Adjusted for age, gender, race, education and estimated intracranial volume. —, no data; ARIC-NCS, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study; CI, confidence interval; MD, Maryland; MN, Minnesota; MS, Mississippi; NC, North Carolina; PM, particulate matter.