. 2018 Feb 23;126(2):027012. doi: 10.1289/EHP1876

Table 4.

Adjusted associations between gray/white matter volume in the peak voxel of clusters significantly associated with lifelong residential greenness (independent variable) and cognitive test scores measured on four occasions over 12 months (dependent variables) derived using separate linear mixed effect models with random effects for child and school.

Location	Working memory^a		Superior working memory^b		Inattentiveness^c
Location	Regression coefficient (95% CI)	p-Value	Regression coefficient (95% CI)	p-Value	Regression coefficient (95% CI)	p-Value
Gray matter
Left premotor cortex	4.3 (1.2, 7.4)	0.01	3.8 (1.2, 6.5)	$< 0.01$	$- 226$ ( $- 502$ , 49)	0.11
Left prefrontal cortex	1.0 ( $- 0.5$ , 2.5)	0.17	0.8 ( $- 0.5$ , 2.1)	0.23	$- 127$ ( $- 2260$ , 7)	0.06
Right prefrontal cortex
Superior cluster	3.0 (0.4, 5.6)	0.02	0.9 ( $- 1.4$ , 3.1)	0.44	$- 108$ ( $- 338$ , 123)	0.36
Inferior cluster	0.8 ( $- 0.8$ , 2.5)	0.32	1.6 (0.2, 3.1)	0.02	$- 78$ ( $- 222$ , 67)	0.29
White matter
Cerebellum
Left hemisphere	0.3 ( $- 0.8$ , 1.3)	0.62	0.7 ( $- 0.2$ , 1.6)	0.12	$- 53$ ( $- 146$ , 39)	0.26
Right hemisphere	1.8 ( $- 0.2$ , 3.7)	0.08	0.9 ( $- 0.8$ , 2.6)	0.31	$- 124$ ( $- 296$ , 49)	0.16
Left premotor region	3.1 (0.2, 6.0)	0.04	2.1 ( $- 0.4$ , 4.6)	0.10	$- 112$ ( $- 371$ , 147)	0.40
Right prefrontal region
Superior cluster	0.9 ( $- 1.8$ , 3.7)	0.52	0.5 ( $- 1.9$ , 2.9)	0.68	$- 39$ ( $- 284$ , 206)	0.76
Inferior cluster	$- 1.8$ ( $- 12.6$ , 8.9)	0.74	5.8 ( $- 3.4$ , 15.0)	0.21	461 ( $- 481$ , 1403)	0.34

Note: Adjustment was conducted for age, sex, and maternal education. Volume refers to the volume proportion of gray matter to white matter and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the volume proportion of white matter to gray matter and CSF in each voxel. Voxel-wise volumes are expressed so that the total amount of tissue volume in the different brain structures is preserved during the process of normalization, which involves local stretching and shrinking of the brain structures. This is accomplished by the modulation of the segmented tissue probability maps using the Jacobian determinants derived from the spatial normalization step. CI, confidence interval.

^{^a}

Characterized using 2-back d′. A higher d′ indicates more accurate test performance.

^{^b}

Characterized using 3-back d′. A higher d′ indicates more accurate test performance.

^{^c}

Characterized using Attentional Network Task (ANT) Hit Reaction Time Standard Error (HRT-SE). A higher HRT-SE indicates more inattentiveness.