Figure 4.

(A) Membrane tubes seen in the DTMC simulations and in experiments by Shi and Baumgart [139]. (B) The bulk excess chemical potential μ^ex, excess chemical potentials in the planar and tubular regions ${\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}^{\text{ex}}$ and ${\mu }_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{ex}}$, respectively, are shown as a function of the protein number n_P. The protein field exhibits curvature sensing behavior for n_P < 9, beyond which it exhibits curvature inducing behavior. Data shown for a membrane with κ = 20 k_BT, σ = 0, $C_0=0.8a_0^{-1}$ and ${\epsilon }^2=2.3a_0^2$ . (C) Comparison of bulk chemical potential μ^ex for a membrane with increasing membrane tension; the horizontal arrows denote the point of planar to tubular transition for each system.