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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pain. 2018 Mar 22;19(8):910–919. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.03.004

Table 2.

Health care costs in dollars by treatment group (unadjusted costs, without Winsorization)

Cost Categories Full Sample I-CBT I-EDU
Pre-treatment
($), M (SD)
12-month
follow-up ($), M
(SD)
Pre-treatment
($), M (SD)
12-month
follow-up ($), M
(SD)
Pre-treatment
($), M (SD)
12-month
follow-up ($),
M (SD)
Total costs 16443 (21380) 11876 (21569) 17011 (22813) 13732 (26083) 15905 (20013) 10191 (16380)
Direct medical costs 11097 (14154) 9069 (17080) 12291 (17566) 10529 (20383) 9965 (9841) 7743 (13358)
Primary care 1113 (1625) 636 (1102) 1457 (2054) 652 (1057) 787 (972) 622 (1147)
Medical specialty 1366 (2387) 1269 (2203) 1373 (2273) 1388 (1940) 1359 (2500) 1159 (2425)
Surgical specialty 634 (1824) 399 (1828) 561 (1362) 539 (2524) 704 (2177) 269 (741)
Emergency room 1207 (1881) 805 (1611) 1023 (1338) 566 (1035) 1381 (2273) 1021 (1974)
Inpatient admission 2481 (9937) 2392 (11702) 3557 (13004) 3249 (14409) 1432 (5369) 1556 (8236)
Other services 454 (2998) 175 (777) 360 (2890) 142 (605) 542 (3107) 205 (909)
Mental health 751 (1448) 999 (2331) 796 (1447) 923 (1738) 709 (1454) 1070 (2776)
PT/OT 1076 (2781) 839 (2061) 827 (2513) 933 (2014) 1313 (3004) 752 (2111)
CAM 528 (1403) 535 (1074) 465 (933) 483 (898) 588 (1737) 583 (1216)
Diagnostic tests 237 (644) 103 (658) 268 (715) 86 (659) 208 (570) 119 (661)
Community services 338 (1452) 157 (701) 216 (715) 194 (831) 453 (1901) 122 (557)
Medications 973 (2692) 1046 (5833) 1371 (3554) 1527 (8143) 563 (1199) 566 (1336)
Direct non-medical costs 1169 (3773) 936 (4588) 929 (2732) 815 (2518) 1397 (4546) 1048 (5899)
Indirect costs 4177 (13170) 1983 (7455) 3791 (13071) 2487 (9748) 4543 (13310) 1518 (4391)

Note. PT/OT = Physical Therapy/Occupational Therapy; CAM = Complementary and Alternative Medicine.