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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pain. 2018 Mar 22;19(8):910–919. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.03.004

Table 3.

Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) with gamma family distribution and log link with Winsorized costs evaluating change over time in costs for the full sample (regardless of treatment group status).

Direct medical costs Direct non-medical costs Indirect costs Total costs
Predictors beta p 95% CI beta p 95% CI beta p 95% CI beta p 95% CI
Time 0.82 0.13 0.63–1.06 0.60 0.04 0.37–0.97 0.42 0.006 0.22–0.78 0.72 0.01 0.55–0.93
Adolescent race 1.20 0.29 0.86–1.69 0.90 0.79 0.40–2.02 0.48 0.10 0.20–1.15 1.01 0.98 0.67–1.51