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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pain. 2018 Mar 22;19(8):910–919. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.03.004

Table 4.

Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) with gamma family distribution and log link with Winsorized costs evaluating examining whether treatment group status (I-CBT vs I-EDU) modifies change over time in costs. The group × time interaction represents change over time in costs for the I-CBT group relative to the I-EDU group.

Direct medical costs Direct non-medical costs Indirect costs Total costs
Predictors beta p 95% CI beta p 95% CI beta p 95% CI beta p 95% CI
Time 0.89 0.58 0.59–1.34 0.91 0.81 0.42–1.95 0.63 0.31 0.26–1.53 0.81 0.32 0.53–1.23
Group 0.87 0.34 0.66–1.16 1.56 0.29 0.69–3.51 1.17 0.70 0.53–2.59 0.94 0.72 0.67–1.31
Group × Time 0.84 0.50 0.51–1.39 0.45 0.09 0.18–1.12 0.36 0.07 0.12–1.07 0.77 0.32 0.46–1.29
Adolescent race 1.12 0.52 0.79–1.58 0.91 0.84 0.37–2.23 0.42 0.03 0.19–0.90 0.96 0.84 0.63–1.45