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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Nephrol. 2018 Jan 30;34(4):561–569. doi: 10.1007/s00467-017-3883-1

Figure 1. Various pathways identified to be critical for macrophage polarization from M1 (pro-inflammatory) to M2 (pro-regenerative).

Figure 1

Experimental studies of several pathways have elucidated critical pathways for driving macrophage polarization from M1 to M2. Among them are IL-4/STAT6, JAK2/STAT3, CREB/C/EBP, and Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2). Each macrophage phenotype has signature expression of certain cytokines and secreted products. M1 macrophages secrete inflammatory cytokines and products and chemoattractants, such as: IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNFa, iNOS, and ROS. M2 macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and pro-reparative secretions such as: Arginase, Resolvins, Lipoxins, Matrix metalloproteinases, TGFB, and Wnt ligands. *There seems to be tissue-specificity to types of Wnt ligands secreted, specifically Wnt7b in kidney macrophages and Wnt5a, Wnt 6, and 9a in intestinal macrophages.