Table 1.

Demographics, addiction characteristics, and neurocognitive performance in study participants

Characteristic	Imaging and behavioral data			Genetic validation data
	Heroin abusers (n = 78)	Healthy controls (n = 79)	p- value	Heroin abusers (n = 1032)	Healthy controls (n = 2863)	p- value
Age (years)	36.23 ± 3.94	37.52 ± 4.98	0.101	35.63 ± 6.61	31.69 ± 9.72	<0.001
Gender (male/female)	78/0	79/0	N.A.	725/307	1303/1560	<0.001
Cigarettes smoked per day	26.00 ± 9.09	8.72 ± 9.81	<0.001	24.11 ± 14.13	N.D.	N.D.
Heroin dosage (g/day)	0.52 ± 0.35	N.A.	N.A.	0.66 ± 0.61	N.A.	N.A.
Abstinence time (months)	5.39 ± 3.44	N.A.	N.A.	8.83 ± 6.32	N.A.	N.A.
Duration of heroin use (years)	15.10 ± 3.59	N.A.	N.A.	11.70 ± 6.32	N.A.	N.A.
Heroin craving at rest (score)	2.93 ± 0.24	N.A.	N.A.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
MoCA	21.92 ± 2.54	25.70 ± 2.88	<0.001
IGT	−4.63 ± 21.07	4.02 ± 23.82	0.015
BIS-11 (attention)	16.90 ± 2.72	15.91 ± 2.29	0.015
BIS-11 (motor)	23.83 ± 4.47	21.08 ± 3.77	<0.001
BIS-11 (non-planning)	27.40 ± 5.36	24.71 ± 5.02	0.001
BIS-11 (sum)	68.13 ± 9.08	61.70 ± 8.75	<0.001

N.A. not applicable, N.D. no data, MoCA the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, BIS the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, IGT the Iowa Gambling Task

The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation