Figure 9.
Treatment with p38, ERK, and JNK inhibitors can selectively enhance the cytokine expression. Wild-type mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (1 × 106 cell/ml) were pretreated for 2 h with a P38 inhibitor (SB203580; 30 µM), for 1 h with an ERK inhibitor (PD98059; 40 µM), or for 1 h with a JNK inhibitor (SP600125; 10 µM) before stimulation with Neospora caninum extracellular vesicles (EVs). After 24 h, the supernatants were removed and assayed for IL-12p40, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-10 using ELISA assays. The data are representative of three independent experiments and are presented as the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 for the inhibitor-treated group versus the EVs group.