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. 2018 Jul 24;12:508. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00508

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Copyright © 2018 Yamaguchi, Fujiwara, Lin, Takahashi, Hatori, Liu and Huang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Hypothetical model for the modulatory effect of iTBS over the motor cortex on the subsequent induction of spinal plasticity induced by PES. White circles in the spinal cord denote spinal motor neurons. Black circles denote Ia inhibitory interneurons. Pre-conditioning by using iTBS changes cortical excitability and the state of Ia inhibitory interneurons, which receive convergent input from the motor cortex. The pre-state changes in the interneurons enhance the induction and maintenance of spinal plasticity induced by PES. TA, tibialis anterior; SOL, soleus.