Table 1.

Clinical relevance of animal hosted Campylobacter species.

Campylobacter species	Isolation sources	Clinical relevance of human diseases	References
Campylobacter coli	Gastroenteritis: feces Bacteraemia: blood Septic abortion: blood; maternal placenta; amniotic fluid Acute cholecystitis: gallbladder Retroperitoneal abscess Meningitis: CSF	Gastroenteritis* Abortion* Bacteraemia*	Skirrow, 1977; Kist et al., 1984; Blaser et al., 1986; Møller Nielsen et al., 1997; Lastovica and Roux, 2000; Galanis, 2007; Liu Y. H. et al., 2017;
Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus	Bacteraemia: blood Gastroenteritis: feces Meningitis: feces; blood; CSF Chorioamnionitis: blood Cellulitis lesion: subcutaneous aspirate Cellulitis and bacteraemia: blood; feces Abortion: vagina; feces; blood; gastric aspirate; skin; liver; spleen; lung; spinal fluid Postsurgical abscess: groin abscess Post abortion infection: amniotic fluid Hemiparesis and aphasia: blood Cystic fibrosis: feces Surgical fever: blood Fever, chills, endocarditis: blood Immune deficiency disease: blood Sepsis, encephalitis, fever, myalgia: blood and CSF Cellulitis and diarrhea: ankle abscess Post-neurosurgery for metastatic esophagocardial carcinoma: brain abscess Chronic alcoholism: brain abscess Prematurity: brain abscess Heroin and barbiturate abuse: pulmonary abscess Alcoholism: gluteal abscess; blood Post-hemilaminectomy for disc herniation: epidural mass in pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis Hyperthyroidism: thyroid gland abscess	Bacteraemia* Abortion* Meningitis* Abscess* Gastroenteritis	Blaser et al., 1980a,b; Edmonds et al., 1985; Francioli et al., 1985; La Scolea, 1985; Klein et al., 1986; Simor et al., 1986; Morrison et al., 1990; Sauerwein et al., 1993; Kwon et al., 1994; Neuzil et al., 1994; Steinkraus and Wright, 1994; Morooka et al., 1996; Ichiyama et al., 1998; Lastovica and Roux, 2000; Viejo et al., 2001; Krause et al., 2002; Fujihara et al., 2006; De Vries et al., 2008; Liu Y. H. et al., 2017
	Health status unknown: Blood and synovial fluid
Campylobacter fetus subsp. testudinum	Leukemia: blood Liver cancer (bloody diarrhea, pulmonary edema): pleural fluid Asthma: hematoma Lymphoma, hypertension, and heart disease (fever, chills, rigor, cough, and diarrhea): blood Diarrhea: bile Diabetes (cellulitis of leg): blood	Leukemia*	Tu et al., 2004; Patrick et al., 2013
Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis	Bacteraemia: blood Infective aneurysm: blood Vaginosis		Garcia et al., 1995; Tu et al., 2001; Hagiya et al., 2015; Liu Y. H. et al., 2017
	Health status unknown: blood
Campylobacter helveticus	Health status unknown: feces		Lawson et al., 1997
Campylobacter hyointestinalis (subsp. hyointestinalis and lawsonii)	Proctitis: rectum Gastroenteritis: feces	Gastroenteritis*	Fennell et al., 1986; Edmonds et al., 1987; Lastovica and Roux, 2000; Gorkiewicz et al., 2002
Campylobacter insulaenigrae	Gastroenteritis: blood Bacteraemia: blood	Gastroenteritis Bacteraemia*	Chua et al., 2007
Campylobacter jejuni (subsp. jejuni and doylei)	Bacteraemia: blood; feces Gastroenteritis: feces Sepsis: blood, feces, placenta Meningitis: CSF Appendicitis: appendix Myocarditis: feces Reactive arthritis: feces Guillain-Barré syndrome: feces Fisher syndromes: feces; gastric biopsy; CSF Recurrent colitis: blood; feces Acute cholecystitis: gallbladder Urinary tract infection: urine Chronic renal failure: peritoneal prodialysis fluid Ovarian cyst: peritoneal cyst fluid Thoracic wall abscess: thoracic wall Meningitis and hypogammaglobulinemia: CSF	Gastroenteritis* Bacteraemia* Guillain-Barré syndrome* Meningitis* Appendicitis Myocarditis Reactive arthritis	Skirrow, 1977; Thomas et al., 1980; Gilbert et al., 1981; Megraud et al., 1982; Chan et al., 1983; Blaser et al., 1986; Dhawan et al., 1986; Goossens et al., 1986; Klein et al., 1986; Kohler et al., 1988; Korman et al., 1997; Meyer et al., 1997; Møller Nielsen et al., 1997; Manfredi et al., 1999; Lastovica and Roux, 2000; Wolfs et al., 2001; Hannu et al., 2002, 2004; Cunningham and Lee, 2003; Takahashi et al., 2005; Lastovica, 2006; Galanis, 2007; Pena and Fishbein, 2007; Mortensen et al., 2009; Liu Y. H. et al., 2017
Campylobacter lanienae	Healthy: feces		Logan et al., 2000
Campylobacter lari (subsp. concheus and lari)	Urinary tract infection: urine Bacteraemia: blood Gastroenteritis: feces	Bacteraemia*	Bézian et al., 1990; Morris et al., 1998; Lastovica and Roux, 2000; Martinot et al., 2001; Krause et al., 2002; Werno et al., 2002
Campylobacter mucosalis	Gastroenteritis: feces		Figura et al., 1993
Campylobacter peloridis	Health status unknown: feces		Debruyne et al., 2009
Campylobacter sputorum (biovar faecalis, paraureolyticus, sputorum, and bubulus)	Gastroenteritis: feces Axillary abscess Leg abscess Pus from pressure sore	Gastroenteritis Abscess*	Roop Ii et al., 1985; Steele et al., 1985; Lindblom et al., 1995; Tee et al., 1998; De Vries et al., 2008
	Health status unknown: oral cavity; feces
Campylobacter troglodytis	Gastroenteritis: feces		Platts-Mills et al., 2014
Campylobacter upsaliensis	Abortion: blood and fetoplacental material Bacteraemia: blood Gastroenteritis: feces Breast abscess	Gastroenteritis Bacteraemia*	Lastovica et al., 1989; Gurgan and Diker, 1994; Jimenez et al., 1999; Lastovica and Roux, 2000; Lastovica and Le Roux, 2001; De Vries et al., 2008

CSF, cerebrospinal fluid.

^*Campylobacter species that have established associations with human diseases or have been isolated from a sterile site. Species which have not yet been isolated from humans were not included.