Table 2.
Details of studies recruited in the meta-analysis.
| Study | Experimental task | Baseline task | No./Language of participants (sex, age) | Source | No. of Foci |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEXICAL TONE: TONAL | |||||
| Gandour et al., 2000 | Discrimination judgement of Thai tones | Silence | 5/Thai (3F, mean 25.2 yrs) | Table 2 | 5 |
| Gandour et al., 2000 | Discrimination judgement of Thai tones | Silence | 5/Chinese (2F, mean 25.4 yrs) | Table 2 | 6 |
| Gandour et al., 2002 | Discrimination judgement of Thai tones | Passive listening to hums | 10/Thai (5F, mean 25.8 yrs) | Table 2 | 1 |
| Gandour et al., 2003a | Discrimination judgement of Mandarin tones | Passive listening to hums | 10/Mandarin (5F, mean 27.3 yrs) | Table 3 | 2 |
| Hsieh et al., 2001 | Discrimination judgement of Mandarin tones | Passive listening to speech contour | 10/Mandarin (4F, mean 24.9 yrs) | Table 3 | 5 |
| Klein et al., 2001 | Discrimination judgement of Mandarin tones | Silence | 12/Mandarin (6F, not provided) | Table 1 | 13 |
| Li et al., 2003 | Matching judgement of Mandarin tones | Syllable discrimination | 12/Mandarin (6F, 23–32 yrs) | Table 2 | 5 |
| Li et al., 2010 | Matching judgement of Mandarin tones (random position) | Matching judgement of Mandarin tones (fixed position) | 12/Mandarin (6F, 23–32 yrs) | Table 2 | 5 |
| Nan and Friederici, 2013 | Tone congruity judgment of Mandarin phrases | Tone congruity judgment of musical phrases | 18/Mandarin (18F, 20.8 yrs) | Table 1 | 6 |
| Wong et al., 2004 | Discrimination judgement of Mandarin tones | Passive listening to Mandarin words | 7/Mandarin (0F, 18–32 yrs) | Table 1 | 14 |
| Zhang et al., 2016 | Discrimination judgement of Cantonese tones (deviant tones) | Discrimination judgement of Mandarin tones (same tones) | 19/Cantonese (12 F, 19.6–24.4 yrs) | Table 4 | 6 |
| Zhang et al., 2017 | Discrimination judgement of Cantonese tones | Discrimination judgement of musical tones | 11/Cantonese (9F, 18.8–28.8 yrs) | Table 3 | 1 |
| LEXICAL TONE: NON–TONAL | |||||
| Gandour et al., 2000 | Discrimination judgement of Thai tones | Silence | 5/English (2F, mean 24.6 yrs) | Table 2 | 6 |
| Gandour et al., 2003a | Discrimination judgement of Mandarin tones | Passive listening to hums | 10/English (5F, mean 26 yrs) | Table 3 | 5 |
| Hsieh et al., 2001 | Discrimination judgement of Mandarin tones | Passive listening to speech contour | 10/English (5F, mean 25.6) | Table 3 | 3 |
| Klein et al., 2001 | Discrimination judgement of Mandarin tones | Silence | 12/English (6F, not provided) | Table 1 | 17 |
| Wang et al., 2003 | Identification of Mandarin tones | Rest | 6/English (4F, not provided) | Table 3 | 7 |
| Wong et al., 2004 | Discrimination judgement of Mandarin tones | Passive listening to Mandarin words | 7/English (0F, 18–27 yrs) | Table 2 | 25 |
| Wong et al., 2007 | Discrimination judgement of Mandarin tones | Discrimination judgement of sinusoids | 17/English (10F, 18–26 yrs) | Table 2 | 2 |
| PHONEME | |||||
| Burton and Small, 2006 | Discrimination judgement of English phoneme | Discrimination judgement of tone | 10/not provided (8F, 20–50 yrs) | Table 3 | 4 |
| Chevillet et al., 2013 | Discrimination judgement of between-category phonemes | Discrimination judgement of within-category phonemes | 14/English (6F, 18–32 yrs) | Table 1 | 16 |
| Gandour et al., 2000 | Discrimination judgement of Thai consonants | Rest | 5/Thai (3F, mean 25.2 yrs) | Table 4 | 6 |
| Gandour et al., 2000 | Discrimination judgement of Thai consonants | Rest | 5/Chinese (2F, mean 25.4 yrs) | Table 4 | 5 |
| Gandour et al., 2000 | Discrimination judgement of Thai consonants | Rest | 5/English (2F, mean 24.6 yrs) | Table 4 | 6 |
| Hsieh et al., 2001 | Discrimination judgement of Chinese consonants | Passive listening to filtered speech contour | 10/Chinese (4F, mean 24.9 yrs) | Table 4 | 5 |
| Hsieh et al., 2001 | Discrimination judgement of Chinese consonants | Passive listening to filtered speech contour | 10/English (5F, mean 25.6 yrs) | Table 4 | 3 |
| Obleser et al., 2006 | Discrimination judgement of German vowels | Noise | 13/not provided (5F, 26–36 yrs) | Table 2 | 5 |
| LoCasto et al., 2004 | Discrimination judgement of consonants | Discrimination judgement of tones | 20/English (10F, 22–47 yrs) | Table 3 | 13 |
| Rimol et al., 2005 | Discrimination judgement of Norwegian consonants | Noise | 17/not provided (0F, 20–28 yrs) | Table 2 | 1 |
| Rogers and Davis, 2017 | Discrimination judgement of consonants | Rest | 24/not provided (14F, 18–45 yrs) | Table 1 | 6 |
| Wolmetz et al., 2011 | Discrimination judgement of between-category phonemes | Discrimination judgement of within-category phonemes | 8/not provided (6F, 19–27 yrs) | Table 2 | 14 |
| Zaehle et al., 2008 | Discrimination judgement of consonants | Discrimination judgement of non-speech stimuli | 16/Swiss-German (not provided, 22–36 yrs) | Table 1 | 6 |
| Zatorre et al., 1996 | Discrimination judgement of phonemes | Passive listening to noise | 10/not provided (6F, not provided) | Table 6 | 6 |
| WORD PROSODY | |||||
| Bach et al., 2008 | Processing of emotional word (various tasks) | Processing of neutral word (various tasks) | 16/not provided (8F, 22.1–29.9 yrs) | Table 1 | 9 |
| Belyk and Brown, 2016 | Emotion judgement of mono-syllables | Rest | 16/not provided (10F, not provided) | Table 2 | 26 |
| Brück et al., 2011 | Identification of emotional words | Identification of neutral words | 24/not provided (12F, 19–33 yrs) | Table 2 | 4 |
| Ethofer et al., 2009 | Processing of emotional words (various tasks) | Processing of neutral words (various tasks) | 24/not provided (12F, mean 26.3 yrs) | Table 2 | 9 |
| Frühholz et al., 2012 | Processing of emotional words (various tasks) | Processing of neutral words (various tasks) | 17/French (14F, 20–38 yrs) | SI Table 2 | 7 |
| Gandour et al., 2004 | Discrimination judgement of intonation of one syllable pair | Discrimination judgement of lexical tone of one syllable pair | 10/Chinese (10F, not provided) | Table 2 | 3 |
| Imaizumi et al., 1997 | Discrimination judgement of emotional words | Mean reformatted MRI | 6/not provided (not provided, 18–25 yrs) | Table 2 | 12 |
| Kanske and Kotz, 2011 | Negative words (sound location discrimination) | Neutral words (sound location discrimination) | 23/German (10F, mean 25.1 yrs) | Table 2 | 3 |
| Klein et al., 2011 | Discrimination judgement of word prosodies | Discrimination judgement of phonemes | 24/German (12F, mean 28.2 yrs) | Table 3 | 6 |
| Kreitewolf et al., 2014 | Discrimination judgement of word intonations | Discrimination judgement of speaker genders | 17/not provided (9F, 22–34 yrs) | Table 1 | 15 |
| Mothes-Lasch et al., 2012 | Angry bi-syllabic nouns (unrelated task) | Neutral bi-syllabic nouns | 28/not provided (21F, 18–34 yrs) | Results | 1 |
| Péron et al., 2015 | Emotion judgement of emotional pseudo-words | Emotion judgement of neutral pseudo-words | 15/French (12F, mean 25.12 yrs) | Table 1 | 14 |
| Quadflieg et al., 2008 | Processing of emotional words (various tasks) | Processing of neutral words (various tasks) | 12/not provided (6F, mean 23.25 yrs) | Table 3 | 11 |
| Sammler et al., 2015 | Linguistic prosody judgement of words | Phoneme judgement of words | 23/English (10F, 24.3–27.1 yrs) | Table 1 | 16 |
| Sander et al., 2005 | Angry pseudo-words (gender discrimination) | Neutral pseudo-words (gender discrimination) | 15/not provided (7F, 19.8–29 yrs) | Table 1 | 8 |
| SENTENCE PROSODY | |||||
| Alba-Ferrara et al., 2011 | Classification of emotional prosodies (emotional) | Classification of emotional prosodies (neutral) | 19/not provided (0F, 18–51 yrs) | Table 1 | 12 |
| Beaucousin et al., 2011 | Categorization of emotional sentences | Categorization of sentence gramma | 23/French (12F, 20.7–26.7 yrs) | Table 2 | 23 |
| Beaucousin et al., 2006 | Classification of natural emotional sentences | Classification of artificial non-emotional sentences | 23/French (12F, 20.3–26.3 yrs) | Table 3 | 20 |
| Buchanan et al., 2000 | Detection of emotional word targets | Detection of emotional phoneme targets | 10/not provided (0F, 22–40 yrs) | Table 1 | 3 |
| Castelluccio et al., 2016 | Angry prosody sentences (unrelated judgement) | Neutral prosody sentences (unrelated judgement) | 8/English (5F, 18–30 yrs) | Table 1 | 8 |
| Doherty et al., 2004 | Intonation judgement of sentences (question) | Intonation judgement of sentences (statement) | 11/English (7F, 18–26 yrs) | Table 1 | 6 |
| Escoffier et al., 2013 | Judgement of emotional prosodies | Judgement of musical prosodies | 16/not provided (7F, 18–26 yrs) | Table 2 | 5 |
| Ethofer et al., 2006 | Judgement of emotional prosodies | Judgement of emotional word contents | 24/German (13F, mean 24.4 yrs) | Table 1 | 3 |
| Ethofer et al., 2012 | Emotional prosody (speaker gender judgement) | Neutral prosody (speaker gender judgement) | 22/not provided (13F, 18.6–34 yrs) | Table 1 | 2 |
| Gandour et al., 2003b | Judgement of intonations | Passive listening to speech | 10/Chinese (5F, mean 26.1 yrs) | Table 2 | 8 |
| Gandour et al., 2003b | Judgement of intonations | Passive listening to speech | 10/English (5F, mean 28 yrs) | Table 2 | 15 |
| Gandour et al., 2003b | Judgement of emotions | Passive listening to speech | 10/Chinese (5F, mean 26.1 yrs) | Table 2 | 7 |
| Gandour et al., 2003a | Discrimination judgement of intonations | Passive listening to speech | 10/Chinese (5F, mean 27.3 yrs) | Table 3 | 4 |
| Gandour et al., 2003a | Discrimination judgement of intonations | Passive listening to speech | 10/English (5F, mean 26 yrs) | Table 3 | 5 |
| Gandour et al., 2004 | Discrimination judgement of intonations | Discrimination judgement of lexical tones | 10/Chinese (10F, not provided) | Table 2 | 2 |
| George et al., 1996 | Emotion judgement of sentences | Active listening to sentences | 13/not provided (5F, mean 28.5 yrs) | Table | 2 |
| Heisterueber et al., 2014 | Discrimination judgement of suprasegmental/prosodic elements | Discrimination judgement of segmental/phonetic elements | 25/German (9F, mean 28.8 yrs) | Table 3 | 15 |
| Kotz et al., 2003 | Emotion judgement of emotional sentences | Emotion judgement of neutral sentences | 12/German (8F, 22–29 yrs) | Table 3 | 10 |
| Kreitewolf et al., 2014 | Discrimination judgement of sentence intonations | Discrimination judgement of verbs in sentences | 17/not provided (10F, 20–29 yrs) | Table 1 | 22 |
| Kristensen et al., 2013 | Sentences with focused stress (semantic judgement task) | Sentences without focused stress (semantic judgement task) | 24/Dutch (18F, 18–24 yrs) | Table 5 | 22 |
| Leitman et al., 2010 | Emotion judgement of emotional sentences | Emotion judgement of neutral sentences | 19/not provided (0F, 23–33 yrs) | Table 2 | 14 |
| Mitchell and Ross, 2008 | Emotion judgement of emotional sentences | Rest | 16/not provided (13F, 18–35 yrs) | Table 1 | 11 |
| Perrone-Bertolotti et al., 2013 | Sentences with focused stress (unrelated judgement task) | Sentences without focused stress (unrelated judgement) | 24/French (12F, 19–34 yrs) | Table 2 | 10 |
| Rota et al., 2008 | Judgement of emotional prosodic sentences | Rest | 10/German (0F, 24–38 yrs) | Table 1 | 9 |
| Wildgruber et al., 2005 | Identification of emotional sentences | Rest | 10/not provided (5F, 21–33 yrs) | Table 1 | 17 |