Figure 8. Phospho-kinase status of ERK, JNK, Akt, MKK, and mTOR in response to RES or RES-LA.

THP-1 monocytes (5 × 10⁵ cells/well) were pre-treated or not with 10 µM of RES or RES-LA for 1 h, followed by 5-min incubation with TNF-α 10 ng/ml. The phosphorylation status of MAP kinases JNK1/2 (A), ERK1/2 (B), p38 (C), as well as Akt1 (D), MKK3/6 and mTOR (E) kinases were monitored. Data represent mean ± S.D. *P≤0.05, **P≤0.01, ***P≤0.001.