Table 1.

The critical steps and associated biomarkers involved in cancer progression.

Hallmark of cancer	Biomarker
Self-sufficiency in growth signals	Ki67, FOXA1, IFITM1, GATA3, c-Myc, IGFBP3, FOXP1, FOXP3
Insensitivity to antigrowth signals	ABCG2, ABCC4, ABCC11, Nrf2, PI3K, Akt
Evading apoptosis	MAGE-A9, MAGE-A11, BAG1, Apaf1, BCL2
Limitless replicative potential	CD44, CD24, SOX2, Oct3, NANOG, NESTIN, KLF4, ALDH1A1, CD133, CD90 (THY-1), CD15, CD61, hTERT
Sustained angiogenesis	HIF1α, HIF2α, XBP1, TIE2, FGF, ANG1, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, CXCR1, MMP8
Tissue invasion and metastasis	P-cadherin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin, β-catenin, APC, EpCAM, FOXA1, KLK6, CxCR4, CD147, HSP70, Integrinb-6, EGFR