Fig 1.

Adjusted time trends in opioid use by beneficiary type, 2007-16. (A) Quarterly prevalence of opioid use; data represent predictive margins after logistic regression that included the year in which beneficiary insurance coverage started, census division, sex, and race/ethnicity. Maximum and minimum values, and values at the start and end of the study are labelled. (B) Average daily dose of opioids for people using in quarter; data represent predictive margins after negative binomial regression that included the year in which beneficiary insurance coverage started, census division, sex, and race/ethnicity. Appendix 5 gives a description of calculations; appendix 8 includes a table of predictive margins used to create the figures. MME=milligram morphine equivalents