Table 1.
Clinical data of patients according to the presence of CKD and DR
| CKD(−)DR(−) (n=306) |
CKD(−)DR(+) (n=130) |
CKD(+)DR(−) (n=149) |
CKD(+)DR(+) (n=80) |
P values | |
| Age (years) | 57±15 | 62±13 | 69±10 | 70±9 | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 189 (61.8%) | 63 (48.5%) | 82 (55.0%) | 42 (52.5%) | 0.057 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7±4.5 | 23.3±4.0 | 24.2±4.1 | 24.2±4.3 | 0.367 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 124±14 | 129±15 | 127±15 | 128±14 | 0.004 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 74±11 | 75±10 | 71±9 | 72±10 | 0.003 |
| Diabetes duration (years)* | 6.7±6.7 | 11.4±7.4 | 7.9±7.7 | 13.2±8.4 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 96 (31.4%) | 36 (27.7%) | 31 (20.8%) | 13 (16.3%) | 0.014 |
| White blood cell count (×109/L) | 7.8±5.2 | 7.2±2.4 | 8.3±3.5 | 8.4±3.3 | 0.227 |
| HbA1c (%) | 11.5±2.9 | 10.6±2.3 | 10.4±3.3 | 9.3±2.6 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.8±1.3 | 5.0±1.3 | 4.6±1.3 | 4.7±1.5 | 0.197 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L)* | 1.9±1.9 | 1.9±2.2 | 2.0±2.2 | 1.8±1.3 | 0.574 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.1±0.4 | 1.1±0.4 | 1.0±0.3 | 1.0±0.4 | 0.149 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)* | 88±23 | 87±20 | 45±13 | 42±15 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 171 (55.9%) | 93 (71.5%) | 113 (75.8%) | 63 (78.8%) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive agents, n (%) | 91 (29.7%) | 63 (48.5%) | 90 (60.4%) | 47 (58.8%) | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 58 (19.0%) | 44 (33.8%) | 59 (39.6%) | 32 (40.0%) | <0.001 |
| α-Blocker, n (%) | 20 (6.5%) | 14 (10.8%) | 20 (13.4%) | 10 (12.5%) | 0.079 |
| β-Blocker, n (%) | 20 (6.5%) | 9 (6.9%) | 3 (2.0%) | 6 (7.5%) | 0.172 |
| Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 43 (14.1%) | 28 (21.5%) | 37 (24.8%) | 20 (25.0%) | 0.015 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 8 (2.6%) | 6 (4.6%) | 11 (7.4%) | 16 (20.0%) | <0.001 |
| Oral antihyperglycaemic drugs, n (%) | 151 (49.3%) | 65 (50.0%) | 53 (35.6%) | 27 (33.8%) | 0.005 |
| Insulin secretagogues, n (%) | 127 (41.5%) | 56 (43.1%) | 46 (30.9%) | 23 (28.8%) | 0.027 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 95 (31.0%) | 41 (31.5%) | 26 (17.4%) | 17 (21.3%) | 0.007 |
| Thiazolidinediones, n (%) | 6 (2.0%) | 5 (3.8%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.230 |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitor, n (%) | 10 (3.3%) | 5 (3.8%) | 3 (2.0%) | 2 (2.5%) | 0.811 |
| Insulin therapy, n (%) | 231 (75.5%) | 80 (61.5%) | 70 (47.0%) | 38 (47.5%) | <0.001 |
| Statins, n (%) | 28 (9.2%) | 12 (9.2%) | 17 (11.4%) | 12 (15.0%) | 0.442 |
*Kruskal-Wallis tests to determine the significance of the differences due to skewed distribution in diabetic duration, triglycerides and eGFR.
ARB, angiotensin II receptor antagonists; BMI, Body Mass Index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.