Table 1.

Select characteristics of the analytic sample and changes in the characteristics from over the observation period

	Percent¹	Change 2002–2016²
Disability	4.4	.268^***
Functional limitations	40.8	.260^***
Female	51.5	n.s.
Age, mean (s.e.)	53.8 (3.6)	.004^***
Foreign-born	14.7	.577^***
Proxy respondent	1.1	.524^***
Foreign language used	4.9	.472^***
Race
Non-Hispanic white	72.9	Ref.
Non-Hispanic black	11.2	.275^***
Hispanic	10.7	.623^***
Other	5.2	.653^***
Marital status
Married/cohabiting	71.0	Ref.
Divorced/separated	17.1	.195^***
Widowed	3.4	−.127^*
Never married	8.4	.441^***
Children at home
None	60.2	Ref.
One	21.0	.091^**
Two or more	18.8	.138^***
Educational attainment
Less than HS or GED	15.4	−.348^***
High school diploma	25.2	−.472^***
Some college or AA degree	29.0	−.104^**
College degree or more	30.4	Ref.
Family income
>4 times poverty line	50.0	Ref.
2–3.99 times	26.8	n.s.
1–1.99 times	13.5	.382^***
Below poverty line	9.7	.498^***
Home ownership
Owns	78.1	Ref.
Rents	20.1	.521^***
Other	1.8	.252^**
Trailer/mobile/other home	5.2	−.187^*
Months worked last year
12 months	63.0	Ref.
1–11 months	11.5	n.s.
Did not work	25.5	.168^***
Employment status
Employed	69.6	Ref.
Unemployed	3.7	.586^***
Not in labor force	26.7	.091^**
Health measures
Arthritis	29.7	.057^*
Angina	2.5	−.551^***
Cancer	8.9	.249^***
CHD	4.6	n.s.
Chronic bronchitis	5.0	n.s.
Diabetes	13.0	.434^***
Emphysema	2.2	n.s.
Heart attack	3.6	n.s.
Other heart condition	8.1	n.s.
Hypertension	37.1	.274^***
Kidney disease	1.8	.205^***
Liver condition	2.2	.192^*
Stroke	2.7	.290^***
CES-D score (0–24 range)	2.6 (2.6)	.002^***
Pain (0–4 range)	0.7 (0.6)	.007^***
Smoking
Never	53.3	Ref.
Former	26.0	−.376^***
Current	20.7	−.449^***
Alcohol use
Never	17.6	−.388^***
Former	17.3	−.152^***
Current	52.2	Ref.
Current binge	12.9	.420^***
BMI	28.4 (3.9)	.002^***

p<.05

^**

p<.01

^***

p<.001

Adjusted for complex sampling design of the NHIS 2002–2016.

Ref. = reference category; n.s. = not significant (p≥0.5)

Age, K6, pain, and BMI are continuous variables and summarized with a mean (s.d.)

Change over time column shows whether a variable changed significantly between 2002 and 2016. We estimated appropriate regression model (linear, logistic, multinomial logistic) of each variable as a function of linear time trend. We show the time trend for each variable and its significance level. For ease of interpretation, positive (upward) trends are on the left of the “Change” column, non-significant (flat) trends in the middle, and negative (downward) trends on the right.