TABLE 4.
Externalizing Behavior: Round 2 Consensus around Perceived Usefulness, Use, Research Support and Familiarity with Intervention Practices, Ranked by Perceived Usefulness
| Intervention Practice | % Useful Treatment |
% Commonly Used |
% Research Supported |
% Familiar With |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functional Behavioral Assessment | 100.00% | 100% | 95.3% | 100.00% |
| Visual Tools | 100.00% | 95.1% | 92.7% | 100.00% |
| Differential Reinforcement | 100.00% | 89.5% | 76.3% | 94.40% |
| Environmental Structuring | 100.00% | 90% | 62.5% | 98.20% |
| Positive Reinforcement | 97.70% | 100% | 84.1% | 100.00% |
| Prompting | 97.60% | 95.2% | 78.6% | 100.00% |
| Priming | 97.60% | 88.1% | 76.2% | 100.00% |
| Parent Coaching | 97.50% | 75.6% | 70.7% | 96.20% |
| Functional Communication Training | 97.40% | 100% | 94.7% | 90.60% |
| Choice Making/Providing Choices | 95.60% | 91.1% | 80% | 100.00% |
| Reinforcement Schedules | 95.20% | 83.3% | 85.7% | 100.00% |
| Prompt Fading | 95.20% | 92.9% | 76.2% | 100.00% |
| Shaping | 95.10% | 85.4% | 75.6% | 98.10% |
| Psychoeducation | 94.40% | 88.9% | 55.6% | 86.80% |
| Self-Awareness of Bodily Responses | 94.40% | 61.1% | 41.7% | 86.80% |
| Behavior Contract/Contingency Contract | 93.50% | 87% | 69.6% | 100.00% |
| Stories/Vignettes | 92.90% | 76.2% | 33.3% | 100.00% |
| Motivation by Incorporating Special Interests Into Activities | 92.70% | 82.9% | 51.2% | 98.10% |
| Stimulus Control | 92.50% | 72.5% | 72.5% | 94.30% |
| Noncontingent Reinforcement or Built-In Breaks | 92.50% | 80% | 62.5% | 96.20% |
| Exercise, Sensory Breaks, Physical Activity, or Gross Motor Movement | 92.30% | 66.7% | 41% | 90.60% |
| Modeling or Imitation | 90.50% | 78.6% | 47.6% | 100.00% |
| Token Economy | 90.30% | 92.7% | 90.2% | 100.00% |
| Extinction | 88.40% | 86% | 83.7% | 100.00% |
| Self-Management | 87.80% | 53.7% | 56.1% | 98.10% |
| Behavioral Rehearsal/Role-Playing | 84.80% | 67.4% | 45.7% | 98.10% |
| Performance Feedback | 84.30% | 65.8% | 47.4% | 92.50% |
| Homework | 83.30% | 66.7% | 61.9% | 100.00% |
| Technology-Aided Instruction and Intervention | 82.90% | 48.6% | 34.3% | 83.10% |
| Cognitive Restructuring/Using Positive/Coping Self-Talk | 81.80% | 25.5% | 13.6% | 94.30% |
| Time-Out | 80.50% | 58.6% | 39% | 98.10% |
| Didactic Teaching, Social Scripts, Instructional Learning | 79.00% | 60.5% | 18.6% | 98.10% |
| Peer Modeling or Peer Mentoring | 76.20% | 38.1% | 23.8% | 100.00% |
| Response Cost | 74.40% | 69.2% | 38.5% | 94.40% |
| Relaxation | 73.60% | 52.6% | 26.3% | 90.60% |
| Video/Audio Modeling | 72.20% | 16.6% | 25% | 84.90% |
| Embedding Special Interests in Social Interaction | 71.40% | 59.5% | 31% | 100.00% |
| Task Analysis/Chaining | 63.40% | 43.9% | 24.4% | 100.00% |
| Distance Education, Telehealth, or Remote Training | 63.30% | 10% | 6.7% | 66.00% |
| Peer Monitoring and/or Peer Reinforcement | 62.60% | 28.1% | 25% | 73.60% |
| Motivational Interviewing | 61.30% | 29% | 6.5% | 75.50% |
| Graduated, Graded or Habituated Exposure/Systematic Desensitization | 59.10% | 43.2% | 27.3% | 98.10% |
| Meditation | 58.30% | 24.1% | 13.8% | 69.70% |
| Mindfulness Exercises | 57.60% | 36.4% | 9.1% | 79.30% |
| Games and Activities That Require Social Interaction | 51.20% | 39.1% | 7.3% | 96.20% |
| Response Prevention or Ritual Prevention | 50.00% | 27.5% | 20% | 90.50% |
| Acceptance Strategies | 50.00% | 21.5% | 7.1% | 66.00% |
| Use of Song | 48.00% | 8% | 0% | 64.20% |
| Communicative Temptations | 45.70% | 45.8% | 14.3% | 86.80% |
| Socratic Discussions | 41.20% | 38.4% | 11.8% | 83.00% |
| Social Context Structuring (Lunch Bunch) | 40.00% | 25.7% | 14.3% | 84.90% |
| Imitating the Child | 37.60% | 21.9% | 9.4% | 79.20% |
| Suppression Approach | 29.00% | 45.2% | 0% | 73.50% |
| Games & Activities (Noncomputerized) That Require Nonverbal Skills | 28.60% | 17.9% | 3.6% | 69.80% |
| Computerized Games & Activities That Require Nonverbal Skills | 12.00% | 8% | 0% | 56.60% |
Note: Externalizing behavior, N = 48. Bold font indicates practices familiar to ≥ 75% of experts. Dark gray shows ≥ 75% agreement, and light gray shows ≤ 25% agreement.