Table 3.

Multilevel analysis of gender difference in poor cognitive health among older adults, India.

Background variables	Model 1 (Null model)			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Coef.	95%CI	p-value	Coef.	95%CI	p-value	Coef.	95%CI	p-value	Coef.	95%CI	p-value
Fixed effect
Gender
Men (ref.)
Women				-1.99	(-2.13; -1.84)	<.001	-0.97	(-1.12; -0.82)	<.001	-0.50	(-0.71; -0.29)	<.001
Age
50–54 (ref.)
55–59				-0.31	(-0.54; -0.09)	.006	-0.28	(-0.49; -0.07)		-0.27	(-0.48; 0.07)
60–64				-0.94	(-1.18; -0.71)	<.001	-0.64	(-0.86; -0.42)	<.001	-0.55	(-0.76; -0.33)	<.001
65–69				-1.21	(-1.46; -0.97)	<.001	-0.81	(-1.04; -0.59)	<.001	-0.61	(-0.83; -0.38)	<.001
70–74				-1.76	(-2.04; -1.49)	<.001	-1.32	(-1.58; -1.06)	<.001	-1.08	(-1.34; -0.82)	<.001
75–79				-2.13	(-2.50; -1.77)	<.001	-1.53	(-1.86; -1.19)	<.001	-1.31	(-1.65; -0.96)	<.001
80+				-3.19	(-3.56; -2.82)	<.001	-2.44	(-2.78; -2.10)	<.001	-1.86	(-2.23; -1.49)	<.001
Education
Never attended (ref.)
Primary							1.76	1.54	<.001	1.64	(1.43; 1.85)	<.001
Secondary & above							3.29	3.10	<.001	3.09	(2.90; 3.28)	<.001
Current marital status
Non-married (ref.)
Married										0.51	(0.33; 0.68)	<.001
Height										0.03	(0.02; 0.04)	<.001
Tobacco consumption
Never used (ref.)
Former user										-0.26	(-0.59; 0.06)	.114
Current user										-0.18	(-0.33; -0.02)	.027
Chronic health condition
None (ref.)
1										-0.08	(-0.25; 0.08)	.306
2+										-0.33	(-0.51; -0.14)	<.001
Social group (Caste)
General/OBCs (ref.)
SCs/STs										-0.43	(-0.61; -0.26)	<.001
Religion
Hindu (ref.)
Others										-0.04	(-0.23; 0.16)	.722
Random effect
Var_cons (SE)	1.03	(1.04)		0.81	(0.32)		0.33	(0.143)		0.28	(0.122)
Var_residual (SE)	7.43	(0.81)		8.89	(0.17)		8.11	(0.141)		7.38	(0.132)
Intra-class correlation (ICC) in %	12.2			8.4			3.9			3.7
Number of obs.	6496			6496			6496			6496
Number of groups	12			12			12			12

CI = Confidence interval