Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants by average alcohol consumption and study cohort.
| Seniors-ENRICA | ELSA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never drinker | Ex-drinker | Moderate drinkera | Heavy drinker | Never drinker | Ex-drinker | Moderate drinkera | Heavy drinker | |
| Female, % | 79.1 | 54.3 | 39.3 | 35.2 | 81.3 | 59.6 | 57.5 | 29.9 |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 71.9 (5.9) | 72.5 (6.3) | 70.8 (5.8) | 70.6 (5.4) | 69.0 (7.2) | 68.0 (7.2) | 67.0 (7.0) | 65.9 (7.0) |
| Educational level, % | ||||||||
| ≤Primary | 62.9 | 54.3 | 45.2 | 31.0 | 44.8 | 39.4 | 32.7 | 24.6 |
| Secondary | 22.5 | 24.4 | 27.6 | 33.8 | 37.4 | 45.2 | 45.8 | 46.4 |
| University | 14.6 | 21.3 | 27.2 | 35.2 | 17.8 | 15.4 | 21.5 | 29.0 |
| Current smokers, % | 4.7 | 10.6 | 11.4 | 19.7 | 14.6 | 22.9 | 15.1 | 20.6 |
| Physical activity, MET-h/wk, mean (SD) | 64.3 (32.0) | 60.3 (31.8) | 54.9 (29.5) | 49.1 (28.1) | ||||
| Physical activity, % lowest quartile | 16.9 | 17.6 | 25.7 | 30.4 | ||||
| TV viewing, h/wk | 19.4 (10.5) | 20.7 (11.9) | 19.0 (10.2) | 17.2 (8.1) | — | — | — | — |
| MEDAS score, mean (SD)b | 4.1 (1.7) | 4.2 (1.4) | 4.0 (1.6) | 3.5 (1.4) | — | — | — | — |
| Energy intake, kcal/d, mean (SD) | 1873 (401) | 1948 (485) | 2076 (434) | 2614 (1403) | — | — | — | — |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2, %c | 30.6 | 35.1 | 30.9 | 29.6 | 29.7 | 28.2 | 25.2 | 22.3 |
| Comorbities, % | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular diseased | 7.1 | 9.6 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 12.8 | 23.4 | 13.4 | 11.0 |
| Respiratory disease | 11.2 | 10.6 | 7.7 | 8.5 | 15.5 | 17.6 | 14.2 | 14.6 |
| Osteomuscular disease | 69.5 | 66.0 | 55.0 | 40.9 | 37.9 | 41.5 | 34.4 | 32.8 |
| Diabetes | 16.7 | 23.4 | 15.7 | 15.5 | 8.2 | 6.9 | 4.8 | 4.3 |
| Cancer | 3.7 | 4.3 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 4.6 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 4.6 |
| Sleeping pills, % | 21.4 | 29.8 | 18.6 | 15.5 | ||||
| Other central nervous system-acting drugs,% | 37.6 | 42.6 | 26.7 | 22.5 | — | — | — | — |
| Baseline GDSe scores, mean (SD) | 1.2 (1.8) | 1.5 (2.0) | 0.7 (1.4) | 0.5 (1.1) | — | — | — | — |
| Baseline GHQ-12f scores, mean (SD) | 1.9 (2.8) | 1.9 (2.5) | 1.2 (2.2) | 1.2 (2.0) | 1.4 (2.4) | 1.7 (2.8) | 1.0 (2.2) | 0.9 (1.9) |
| Baseline CES-Dg scores, mean (SD) | — | — | — | — | 2.1 (2.3) | 2.1 (2.1) | 1.4 (1.8) | 1.3 (1.7) |
Data in the table are percentages for categorical variables and means (SD) for continuous variables.
aThe threshold between moderate and heavy drinking is ≥20 g/day in men and ≥10 g/day in women.
bMEDAS: Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (range 0–14).
cBMI: Body Mass Index.
dIschemic heart disease, stroke or heart failure.
eGDS: Geriatric Depression Scale-10 item version.
fGHQ-12: General Health Questionnaire-12 item version.
gCES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-8 item.