Table 4.
Prospective association between average alcohol consumption and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) scores for older adults followed-up for 7.4 years; English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA).
| CESD | GHQ-12 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | Model 1 PRR (95% CI) | Model 2 PRR (95% CI) | n | % | Model 1 PRR (95% CI) | Model 2 PRR (95% CI) | ||
| Average alcohol consumption | 3971 | Average alcohol consumption | 3360 | ||||||
| Never drinker | 219 | 5.5 | Ref. | Ref. | Never drinker | 161 | 4.8 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Ex-drinker | 188 | 4.7 | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 1.11 (0.91–1.35) | Ex-drinker | 156 | 4.6 | 0.87 (0.59–1.30) | 0.81 (0.54–1.21) |
| Moderate drinker | 3146 | 79.2 | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.92 (0.79–1.06) | Moderate drinker | 2688 | 80.0 | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | 0.75 (0.55–1.01) |
| Heavy drinker | 418 | 10.5 | 1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 1.00 (0.84–1.20) | Heavy drinker | 355 | 10.6 | 0.88 (0.61–1.27) | 0.84 (0.58–1.21) |
PRR: Prevalence rate ratios; CI: Confidence interval.
Model 1: Adjusted for the age, sex, educational level (≤primary, secondary, university) and baseline CESD scores or GHQ-12 scores.
Model 2: Adjusted additionally for tobacco smoking (never/former/current), physical activity, BMI (≤25, 25–29.9, ≥30 kg/m2), cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, osteomuscular disease, diabetes, and cancer.