FIGURE 2.

Effects of PE on early signaling events in cell suspensions. Grapevine cell suspensions, adjusted to 0.1 g of fresh weight cell (FWC) mL⁻¹, were treated with PE (0.5 g L⁻¹), or equal volumes of cons. agents or water. (A) H₂O₂ production in cell suspension, measured by luminol chemiluminescence method. Data were converted from Relative Luminescence Unit (RLU) to nmoles H₂O₂ g⁻¹ FWC according to a calibration curve of H₂O₂ concentration range. Results correspond to the mean ± confidence interval of three independent biological repetitions. Significant differences were identified with Student t-test comparison tests against water condition and conserving agents (^∗p < 0.05). (B) Detection of phosphorylated MAPKs by western blotting in grapevine cell suspension. Results show a representative experiment out of three independent biological repetitions. Homogeneous transfer and protein loading were checked with Ponceau staining.