FIGURE 5.

Relative expression of defense-related genes in PE-treated grapevine leaves. Plants were treated with PE (5 g L⁻¹), equal volumes of cons. agents or water and leaves were collected at 24 and 48 hpt. Six genes encoding a (A) pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1); (B) β-1.3 glucanase (PR2); (C) chitinase 4c (PR3); (D) phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1 (PAL); (E) stilbene synthase (STS); (F) lipoxygenase 9 (9-LOX); and (G) lipoxygenase 13 (13-LOX) were investigated by qRT-PCR. Results represent relative fold expression calculated with the 2^−ΔΔCt method, compared to the housekeeping gene EF1γ and to water control for each respective time point. Data represent mean from three technical replicates of one representative biological repetition.