FIGURE 7.
In vitro assessment of direct effect of PE on P. viticola. (A) Release of zoospores from sporangia at 2 hpt. (B) Motility of zoospores already released at 2 min post treatment. Sporangia were collected from a sporulating leaf and concentrated at 105 sporangia mL−1, then PE was applied at different concentrations. As controls, cons. agents or water were added (volumes corresponding to the highest concentration of PE). Motile zoospores crossing one unit of Malassez hemacytometer were counted during 1 min. Results correspond to the mean ± confidence interval of three independent biological repetitions, with three technical repetitions each. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were identified with Kruskal–Wallis coupled with Dunn’s multiple comparison test. Conditions with different letters are significantly different.