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Biomechanical range of motion in flexion–extension (A), lateral bending (B), and axial rotation (C). No significant differences were found between operative constructs (BPS and BPS+spacer) in the CES and SS Groups (p≥0.05). BPS, bilateral pedicle screws; CES, continuously expandable spacer; SS, traditional static spacer. a)vs. intact (p≤0.05). b)vs. injured (p≤0.05).
