Table 1.

Changes in various phenotypes caused by disrupted hsf1, sfl1, and/or skn7 in fungi.

Mutant	Phenotype	Reference
Δhsf1	Lethality in S. cerevisiae and N. crassa	Wiederrecht et al., 1988; Thompson et al., 2008
	Reduction in conidiation and decreased tolerance to osmotic stresses and oxidative stresses in C. minitans	Hamid et al., 2013
	Thermosensitive and less virulent in C. albicans and C. minitans	Nicholls et al., 2011; Hamid et al., 2013
	Depressed expression of hsp90, hsp70, and hsp104 in C. albicans	Nicholls et al., 2011
	Defective in hyphal growth, conidiation, conidial germination under high temperature, and cell wall integrity; increased sensitivities to oxidative stress and NaCl; attenuated virulence and affected the transcript changes of hsp20, hsp30, hsp40, hsp70, and hsp104 under normal condition and heat shock in B. bassiana	In this study
Δsfl1	The formation of flocculated clumps in cells in C. albicans	Bauer and Wendland, 2007; Zhang et al., 2008
	Enhanced filamentous growth in C. albicans but reduced the production of aerial hyphae in M. oryzae	Bauer and Wendland, 2007; Li et al., 2007, 2011; Zhang et al., 2008
	Reduction in conidiation and elevated thermosensitivity in M. oryzae and N. crassa	Thompson et al., 2008; Li et al., 2011
	Attenuated virulence in C. albicans and M. oryzae	Li et al., 2007, 2011
	Depressed expression of hsp30, hsp90, and hsp98 in S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, N. crassa, and M. oryzae and increased expression of hypha-specific genes, such as ECE1, HWP1, ALS1, ALS3, and Flo8 in C. albicans	Bauer and Wendland, 2007; Galeote et al., 2007; Li et al., 2007, 2011; Thompson et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2008
	Defective in hyphal growth, conidiation, conidial germination under normal condition, and cell wall integrity; increased sensitivities to oxidative stresses and NaCl; attenuated virulence and affected the transcript changes of hsp20, hsp40, hsp70, and hsp104 under normal condition and heat shock in B. bassiana	In this study
Δskn7	Minor inhibition of hyphal growth in F. Graminearum, but not in H. minnesotensis, B. cinerea, and A. flavus	Jiang et al., 2015; Viefhues et al., 2015; Hussain et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2016
	Defective in conidiation in F. graminearum, H. minnesotensis, A. flavus, and B. cinerea	Jiang et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2015; Hussain et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2016
	Increased sensitivity to high temperature in S. cerevisiae, H. minnesotensis, but not in M. robertsii	Raitt et al., 2000; Shang et al., 2015; Hussain et al., 2016
	Decreased tolerance to oxidative stresses in S. cerevisiae, B. cinerea, H. minnesotensis, A. flavus, but increased the tolerance in M. robertsii	Lee et al., 1999; Raitt et al., 2000; Shang et al., 2015; Viefhues et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2015; Hussain et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2016
	Elevated sensitivity to osmotic stresses in B. cinerea but not in M. robertsii	Shang et al., 2015; Viefhues et al., 2015
	Destroyed cell wall integrity in B. cinerea, A. flavus, C. neoformans, A. fumigatus, and M. robertsii	Fassler and West, 2011; Shang et al., 2015; Viefhues et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016
	Attenuated virulence in C. albican, A. alternata and M. robertsii, but not impaired fungal virulence in M. oryzae, B. cinerea, F. graminearum	Singh et al., 2004; Motoyama et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2015; Shang et al., 2015
	Depressed expression of hsp12, hsp26, hsp70, hsp82, and hsp104 in yeast responding to oxidative stresses	Lee et al., 1999; Raitt et al., 2000
	Minor inhibition of hyphal growth; defective in conidiation, conidial germination under normal condition and UV-B irradiation, and cell wall integrity; increased sensitivities to oxidative stresses, but decreased the sensitivity to NaCl; attenuated virulence and affected the transcript changes of hsp30, hsp40, hsp70, hsp90, and hsp78 under normal condition and heat shock in B. bassiana	In this study