Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants by region.
| Total (n = 11953) | Central/Western China (n = 7473) | Eastern China (n = 4480) | p-Value * | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64.1 ± 9.7 | 64.1 ± 9.7 | 64.3 ± 9.8 | 1.45 × 10−4 | |||
| <65 | 6546 | (54.8%) | 4107 | (55.0%) | 2429 | (54.4%) | |
| ≥65 | 5407 | (45.2%) | 3366 | (45.0%) | 2041 | (45.6%) | |
| Education | 0.187 | ||||||
| No education | 3055 | (25.5%) | 1817 | (24%) | 1238 | (28%) | |
| Elementary school | 4850 | (40.6%) | 3081 | (41%) | 1769 | (40%) | |
| Middle school | 2558 | (21.4%) | 1624 | (22%) | 934 | (21%) | |
| High school | 935 | (7.8%) | 587 | (8%) | 348 | (8%) | |
| Higher education | 555 | (4.6%) | 364 | (5%) | 191 | (4%) | |
| Sex | 0.901 | ||||||
| Male | 5818 | (48.7%) | 3647 | (49%) | 2171 | (48%) | |
| Female | 6135 | (51.3%) | 3826 | (51%) | 2309 | (52%) | |
| Marital status | 0.0346 | ||||||
| Married | 9940 | (83.2%) | 6225 | (83%) | 3715 | (83%) | |
| Married but not living with spouse | 851 | (7.1%) | 540 | (7%) | 311 | (7%) | |
| Not Married | 68 | (0.5%) | 38 | (1%) | 30 | (1%) | |
| Widowed | 1094 | (9.2%) | 670 | (9%) | 424 | (9%) | |
| Income (CNY) # | 2616.6 ± 10647.9 | 2608.9 ± 11469.9 | 2629.5 ± 9114.4 | 7.30 × 10−4 | |||
| <1000 | 5893 | (49.3%) | 3647 | (49%) | 1464 | (33%) | |
| ≥1000 | 6060 | (50.7%) | 3826 | (51%) | 3016 | (67%) | |
| Life satisfaction 1 | 3.4 ± 0.76 | 3.4 ± 0.77 | 3.4 ± 0.75 | 0.717 | |||
| ≤3 | 6863 | (57.4%) | 4212 | (56%) | 2651 | (59%) | |
| >3 | 5090 | (42.6%) | 3261 | (44%) | 1829 | (41%) | |
| Longest duration of good air quality in autumn/winter, days 2,4 | 6.4 ± 5.5 | 7.1 ± 6.2 | 5.1 ± 3.9 | 0.290 | |||
| ≤6 | 5946 | (49.7%) | 3168 | (56%) | 2778 | (62.0%) | |
| >6 | 6007 | (50.3%) | 4305 | (44%) | 1702 | (38.0%) | |
| Longest duration of bad air quality in autumn/winter, days 2,4 | 10.4 ± 5.7 | 11.3 ± 6.1 | 8.8 ± 4.6 | 9.05 × 10−3 | |||
| ≤8 | 5527 | (46.2%) | 2748 | (56%) | 2779 | (62.0%) | |
| >8 | 6426 | (53.7%) | 4725 | (44%) | 1701 | (40.0%) | |
| Average Air Quality Index 4 | 95.8 ± 27.8 | 91.9 ± 23.8 | 102.2 ± 32.5 | 0.779 | |||
| ≤90 | 5439 | (45.5%) | 3379 | (56%) | 2060 | (45.9%) | |
| >90 | 6514 | (54.5%) | 4094 | (44%) | 2420 | (54.1%) | |
| 90th percentile of Air Quality Index 4 | 165.7 ± 54.2 | 158.5 ± 46.9 | 177.7 ± 62.9 | 0.720 | |||
| ≤160 | 6088 | (50.9%) | 3719 | (49.7%) | 2369 | (52.8%) | |
| >160 | 5865 | (49.1%) | 3754 | (50.3%) | 2111 | (47.2%) | |
| Number of hospital beds per 1000 persons 4 | 5.30 ± 2.03 | 5.35 ± 2.11 | 5.24 ± 1.91 | 0.548 | |||
| ≤5 | 6140 | (51.4%) | 2188 | (48.8%) | 4160 | (55.6%) | |
| >5 | 5794 | (48.5%) | 2291 | (51.1%) | 3312 | (44.3%) | |
| Gini coefficient 4 | 0.692 ± 0.075 | 0.694 ± 0.078 | 0.687 ± 0.069 | 0.263 | |||
| ≤0.7 | 6932 | (58.1%) | 2650 | (59.1%) | 4220 | (56.4%) | |
| >0.7 | 5002 | (41.9%) | 1829 | (44.3%) | 3252 | (43.5%) | |
| Health scores 3 | 50.3 ± 10.1 | 50.4 ± 4.43 × 10−15 | 50.1 ± 9.9 | 4.43 × 10−15 | |||
# CNY: RMB, Chinese Yuan; 1 The range of the life satisfaction score is 1–5, higher scores indicate better life quality; 2 Cut-off at median value; 3 The range of the health score is 0–100, higher scores indicate better health status; 4 City-level variables, the t test or chi-square test was also used for the city level; * two-sample unpaired t test for continuous variables or Pearson chi-square test for discrete variables.