Table 3.

Bioengineering strategies used with stem cells in published preclinical studies, and scaffolds employed as stem cell carriers to improve their function

Bioengineering models
[46,55,56]	Polycaprolactone beads
[51]	IAS muscle cells + human ENPC + bilayer collagen and laminin hydrogel
[57]	Polyethylene glycol-based hydrogel matrix scaffold
[58]	Decellularized EAS
[76]	IAS cells + enteric neural progenitor cells (biosphincter)
[65]	Polyacrylamide hydrogel carrier (Bulkamid)
[61,63]	Gelatin scaffold

ENPC: Enteric neural progenitor cells; EAS: External anal sphincter; IAS: Internal anal sphincter.