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. 2018 Jul 15;9(7):115–126. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v9.i7.115

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©The Author(s) 2018. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Pathogenesis leading to acute Charcot foot. AGE: Advanced glycation end products; RAGE: Receptor of AGE; PKC: Protein kinase C; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; LOPS: Loss of pain sensation; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; NO: Nitric oxide; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β: Interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TCC: Total contact cast; CGRP: Calcitonin gene related peptide; NF-κβ: Nuclear factor κβ; RANKL: Receptor activator of NF-κβ ligand; OPG: Osteoprotegerin; BP: Bisphosphonates; PTH: Parathyroid hormone.