Table 6.

Factors predicting Al levels in maternal serum: univariate and multivariate analyses.

Characteristics	Univariate Analysis			Multivariate Analysis
	β (Unadjusted)	p-Value	95% Conf. Interval	β (Adjusted)	p-Value	95% Conf. Interval
Maternal urine Al	−0.133	0.062	−0.273 to 0.007	-	-	-
Maternal urine (Al/creatinine corrected)	−0.152	0.030	−0.288 to −0.015	-	-	-
Maternal serum Se	−0.144	0.478	−0.542 to 0.254	-	-	-
Maternal serum Zn	0.163	0.424	−0.238 to 0.564
Maternal serum Cu	−0.427	0.084	−0.911 to 0.058	-	-	-
Maternal blood Mn	−0.250	0.081	−0.530 to 0.031	-	-	-
Gender of baby
Male	Reference
Female	−0.034	0.780	−0.272 to 0.205	-	-	-
Smoked during pregnancy
Yes	Reference
No	−0.542	<0.001	−0.808 to −0.277	-	-	-
Ate tinned meat before pregnancy
Seldom	Reference
At least once/week	0.136	0.414	−0.191 to 0.464	-	-	-
Almost every day	0.531	0.003	0.180 to 0.882	-	-	-
Ate tinned meat during pregnancy
Seldom	Reference
At least once/week	−0.017	0.921	−0.352 to 0.318	-	-	-
Almost every day	0.373	0.043	0.011 to 0.735	-	-	-
Race/Ethnicity
African Black	Reference
Other	−0.760	<0.001	−1.41 to −0.379	−0.662	0.001	−1.060 to −0.263
Fuel used for heating
Electricity	Reference			Reference
Paraffin	−0.429	0.106	−0.949 to 0.092	−0.539	0.036	−1.044 to −0.035
Gas/Wood/Coal	0.155	0.339	−0.164 to 0.473	−0.199	0.236	−0.530 to 0.131
None	0.343	0.019	0.057 to 0.629	−0.260	0.130	−0.597 to 0.077
Ate root vegetables during pregnancy
Seldom/At least once/week	Reference			Reference
Almost every day	−0.481	0.001	−0.754 to −0.207	−0.383	0.009	−0.668 to −0.098
House regularly sprayed by malaria control program
Yes	Reference			Reference
No	−0.727	<0.001	−0.992 to −0.463	−0.664	<0.001	−0.990 to −0.339