Table 3.
Association of loneliness and using of health service in Shandong, China.
| Variable | Model I (Outpatient Service) | Model II (Inpatient Service) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Users | p | OR (95% CI) | Users | p | OR (95% CI) | |
| Loneliness | ||||||
| Lonely | 360 (30.6) | 0.003 | 1.260 (1.079, 1.472) | 302 (31.1) | 0.047 | 1.183 (1.002, 1.397) |
| Not lonely (ref) | 817 (69.4) | 670 (68.9) | ||||
| Predisposing factors | ||||||
| Age mean ± SD | 69.5 ± 6.0 | 0.050 | 0.988 (0.977, 1.000) | 70.2 ± 6.4 | 0.127 | 1.010 (0.997, 1.022) |
| Gender n (%) | ||||||
| Male (ref) | 443 (37.6) | 418 (43.0) | ||||
| Female | 734 (62.4) | 0.034 | 1.178 (1.012, 1.372) | 554 (57.0) | 0.020 | 0.824 (0.700, 0.970) |
| Marriage status n (%) | ||||||
| Married (ref) | 945 (80.3) | 784 (80.7) | ||||
| Single a | 232 (19.7) | 0.019 | 1.393 (1.056, 1.837) | 188 (19.3) | 0.628 | 0.927 (0.682, 1.260) |
| Education n (%) | ||||||
| No education | 480 (40.8) | 0.350 | 1.107 (0.895, 1.370) | 415 (42,7) | 0.675 | 0.953 (0.763, 1.192) |
| Primary | 499 (42.4) | 0.067 | 1.202 (0.987, 1.465) | 370 (38.1) | 0.078 | 0.829 (0.673, 1.021) |
| Junior or above (ref) | 198 (16.8) | 187 (19.2) | ||||
| Enabling factors | ||||||
| Type of insurance b | ||||||
| UEBMI (ref) | 52 (4.4) | 47 (4.8) | ||||
| URRBMI | 1100 (93.5) | 0.348 | 1.172 (0.841, 1.634) | 909 (93.5) | 0.988 | 1.003 (0.707, 1.421) |
| Others | 11 (0.9) | 0.094 | 1.967 (0.891, 4.341) | 5 (0.5) | 0.748 | 0.846 (0.306, 2.342) |
| None | 14 (1.2) | 0.946 | 0.977 (0.496, 1.923) | 11 (1.1) | 0.636 | 0.837 (0.400, 1.751) |
| Living arrangement n (%) | ||||||
| 1 | 153 (13.0) | 0.032 | 0.712 (0.521, 0.971) | 135 (13.9) | 0.846 | 0.967 (0.689, 1.358) |
| 2 | 808 (68.6) | 0.009 | 1.281(1.063, 1.544) | 657 (67.6) | 0.366 | 1.096 (0.898, 1.339) |
| ≥3 (ref) | 216 (18.4) | 180 (18.5) | ||||
| Income cn (%) | ||||||
| Q1 | 338 (28.7) | 0.007 | 0.761 (0.624, 0.929) | 316 (32.5) | 0.050 | 1.247 (1.000, 1.555) |
| Q2 | 280 (23.8) | 0.386 | 0.913 (0.744, 1.121) | 218 (22.4) | 0.244 | 1.148 (0.910, 1.449) |
| Q3 | 274 (23.3) | 0.008 | 0.761 (0.623, 0.930) | 251 (25.8) | 0.067 | 1.231 (0.986, 1.538) |
| Q4 (ref) | 285 (24.2) | 187 (19.2) | ||||
| Need factors | ||||||
| Self-rated health status n (%) | ||||||
| Good (ref) | 434 (36.9) | 304 (31.3) | ||||
| Moderate | 347 (29.5) | 0.021 | 1.217 (1.030, 1.438) | 308 (31.7) | <0.001 | 1.597 (1.332, 1.914) |
| Bad | 396 (33.6) | <0.001 | 2.014 (1.685, 2.408) | 360 (37.0) | <0.001 | 2.463 (2.032, 2.985) |
| Number of chronic conditions n (%) | ||||||
| None (ref) | 128 (10.9) | 120 (12.3) | ||||
| 1 | 458 (38.9) | <0.001 | 3.336 (2.695, 4.131) | 309 (31.8) | <0.001 | 2.019 (1.607, 2.536) |
| ≥2 | 591 (50.2) | <0.001 | 4.901 (3.943, 6.093) | 543 (55.9) | <0.001 | 4.119 (3.292, 5.155) |
| ADL mean ± SD | 15.8 ± 4.9 | 0.104 | 0.988 (0.973, 1.003) | 16.3 ± 5.7 | 0.801 | 1.002 (0.988, 1.016) |
a Single: not married/divorced/widowed or others; b UEBMI: Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance; URRBMI: Urban and Rural Residents Basic Medical Insurance; c Income: personal yearly income; OR: odds ratio; SD standard deviation; and ADL: activities of daily living.