Table 1.
Approximated power, approximated size of the PZTp and power density (W/mm3) based on the different working principles.
| Eel | Taylor et al. [106] | 1 W (Predicted at 1 m/s) 1320 mm × 152 mm × 0.4 mm (5 PZTp) 2.5 × 10−6 W/mm3 |
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| Cantilever with cylinder partially submerged | Song et al. [109] | 85 µW (v = 0.35 m/s) 70 mm × 20 mm × 0.2 mm 3 × 10−8 W/mm3 |
Shan et al. [111] | 400 µW (v = 0.35 m/s, eccentric cylinder) 85 mm × 25 mm × 0.2 mm 9 × 10−8 W/mm3 |
| Pressure Fluctuations | Cunefare et al. [104] | 1.2 mW (Predicted, Mode 33, 400 kPa) 6.8 mm × 6.8 mm × 30 mm 8 × 10−7 W/mm3 |
Wang et al. [117] | 4.9 µW (Predicted, Mode 15, 400 kPa) 8 mm × 3 mm × 0.2 mm 1 × 10−6 W/mm3 |
| Fish Tail | Li et al. [103] | 24 µW (Robotic fish, bending radius 10 cm) 10 mm × 3 mm × 0.2 mm 4 × 10−6 W/mm3 |
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| Quiescent Water | Cha et al. [110] | 10 µW (Predicted at resonant frequency) 102 mm × 35 mm × 0.2 mm (2 PZTp) 7 × 10−9 W/mm3 |
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