Table 4.
Most prolific countries and the collaborations.
| Country | Total Papers | Papers per Million Inhabitants | Total Collaborations | Total Citations | Citations per Paper | Papers in Collaboration (Distinct Country) | Distinct Countries of Collaboration | Main Collaborator (and Number of Collaborations) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | 26,377 | 81.63 | 9487 | 784,603 | 29.75 | 3784 | 169 | Canada (683) |
| England | 4675 | 84.61 | 3990 | 124,144 | 26.55 | 2051 | 143 | USA (682) |
| Canada | 3282 | 90.50 | 2713 | 81,262 | 24.76 | 1182 | 130 | USA (683) |
| Australia | 2664 | 110.03 | 2506 | 50,977 | 19.14 | 893 | 130 | USA (321) |
| Netherlands | 1244 | 73.05 | 2276 | 37,658 | 30.27 | 607 | 134 | USA (189) |
| Germany | 1188 | 14.40 | 2229 | 30,196 | 25.41 | 576 | 130 | USA (226) |
| Sweden | 1002 | 100.98 | 1761 | 25,502 | 25.47 | 434 | 127 | USA (147) |
| South Africa | 910 | 22.64 | 1597 | 20,626 | 22.64 | 432 | 125 | USA (212) |
| Israel | 860 | 100.63 | 1387 | 18,245 | 21.22 | 307 | 110 | USA (198) |
| The People’s Republic of China | 755 | 0.55 | 1839 | 17,299 | 22.91 | 355 | 123 | USA (194) |
| Italy | 738 | 12.17 | 2117 | 20,766 | 28.14 | 347 | 132 | USA (143) |
| Spain | 695 | 14.95 | 1849 | 15,148 | 21.80 | 411 | 128 | USA (94) |
| Switzerland | 655 | 78.59 | 1959 | 32,891 | 49.99 | 495 | 134 | USA (200) |
| New Zealand | 608 | 129.55 | 1352 | 32,584 | 53.59 | 230 | 115 | USA (88) |
| Brazil | 576 | 2.77 | 1578 | 8440 | 14.65 | 211 | 121 | USA (93) |
| India | 571 | 0.43 | 1723 | 11,357 | 19.89 | 170 | 119 | USA (101) |
| Norway | 550 | 105.04 | 1474 | 10,126 | 18.41 | 225 | 120 | USA (86) |
| Scotland | 548 | 101.58 | 1475 | 15,431 | 28.11 | 264 | 125 | England (165) |
| France | 528 | 7.89 | 1393 | 16,876 | 31.96 | 265 | 129 | USA (90) |
| Turkey | 512 | 6.44 | 1275 | 5715 | 11.16 | 85 | 112 | USA (54) |
| Finland | 456 | 82.98 | 1332 | 12,090 | 26.51 | 164 | 120 | USA (59) |
| Japan | 437 | 3.44 | 1576 | 10,483 | 23.99 | 127 | 122 | USA (71) |
| Denmark | 367 | 64.07 | 1443 | 11,753 | 32.02 | 197 | 125 | USA (71) |
| Belgium | 352 | 31.04 | 1338 | 7884 | 22.40 | 208 | 118 | Netherlands (74) |
| South Korea | 331 | 6.46 | 1298 | 4610 | 13.93 | 158 | 116 | USA (123) |
| Wales | 330 | 106.00 | 1099 | 8128 | 24.63 | 187 | 106 | England (145) |
| Ireland | 280 | 58.95 | 1183 | 9099 | 32.50 | 135 | 107 | England (54) |
| Taiwan (China) | 226 | 9.60 | 1170 | 4017 | 17.77 | 81 | 116 | USA (54) |
| Nigeria | 220 | 1.18 | 1278 | 3989 | 18.13 | 82 | 120 | USA (44) |
| Iran | 215 | 2.68 | 1155 | 2734 | 12.72 | 70 | 113 | USA (35) |
| Northern Ireland | 188 | 100.96 | 226 | 2500 | 13.30 | 89 | 41 | USA (35) |
| Portugal | 184 | 17.82 | 1255 | 2837 | 15.42 | 83 | 122 | England (27) |
| Austria | 175 | 20.04 | 1205 | 5847 | 33.41 | 103 | 105 | Germany (43) |
| Kenya | 174 | 3.59 | 1285 | 4498 | 25.85 | 149 | 119 | USA (96) |
| Greece | 154 | 14.30 | 1243 | 4155 | 26.98 | 68 | 120 | England (32) |
| Mexico | 150 | 1.18 | 1271 | 7784 | 51.89 | 86 | 118 | USA (69) |
| Uganda | 150 | 3.62 | 1140 | 6271 | 41.81 | 137 | 114 | England (65) |
| Pakistan | 139 | 0.72 | 1205 | 3959 | 28.48 | 81 | 113 | USA (40) |
| Poland | 134 | 3.53 | 1007 | 1996 | 14.90 | 41 | 105 | England (14) |
| Malaysia | 123 | 3.94 | 1128 | 2260 | 18.37 | 60 | 115 | Australia (16) |
| Saudi Arabia | 122 | 3.78 | 1161 | 5737 | 47.02 | 57 | 116 | USA (25) |
| Singapore | 111 | 19.80 | 1156 | 6438 | 58.00 | 65 | 116 | USA (30) |
| Thailand | 103 | 1.50 | 660 | 1845 | 17.91 | 72 | 96 | USA (27) |
| Egypt | 102 | 1.07 | 1096 | 2398 | 23.51 | 47 | 114 | Saudi Arabia (18) |
| Tanzania | 95 | 1.71 | 1116 | 3805 | 40.05 | 86 | 120 | USA (31) |
| Ethiopia | 94 | 0.92 | 1098 | 3296 | 35.06 | 59 | 114 | England (30) |
| Columbia | 92 | 1.89 | 1174 | 3296 | 35.06 | 68 | 122 | USA (46) |
| Croatia | 89 | 21.32 | 165 | 751 | 8.44 | 24 | 40 | USA (8) |
| Russia | 83 | 0.58 | 1174 | 5585 | 67.29 | 53 | 118 | USA (40) |
| Ghana | 78 | 2.77 | 1194 | 5787 | 74.19 | 66 | 114 | USA (34) |