Table 5.

Summary of important pediatric heart failure clinical trials.

Title	Journal/Year (Reference)	Key Findings
Effect of treatment with ACE inhibitor on survival of pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy	Ped Cardiol, 1993 [30]	n = 80; (26 = ACEi, 54 = digoxin plus diuretics). One-year and two-year survival with ACEi was better than digoxin group
Carvedilol for children and adolescent with heart failure. A randomized control trial	J Am Med Assoc, 2007 [31]	n = 161; No significant difference between treatment vs. placebo group in primary end point (clinical improvement) or secondary end point (ventricular function or serum BNP)
Safety of enalapril in infants with SV CHD with RV as systemic ventricle, multicenter randomized trial	Circulation, 2010 [35]	n = 230; No improvement in somatic growth, ventricular function, heart failure severity. Routine use of Enalapril in SV CHD patients with RV is not recommended as systemic ventricle
Ivabradine in children with dilated cardiomyopathy and symptomatic chronic HF trial: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 12-months follow-up	J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017 [36]	n = 116; Primary end-point reached by 51 of 73 children taking Ivabradine (70%); Ivabradine safely reduced the resting heart rate of children with chronic HF and dilated cardiomyopathy; improvement in ejection fraction, functional class, and NT-pro-BNP was noted.

BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide, ACEi = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, CHD = congenital heart disease, SV = single ventricle, n = number; HF = heart failure.