Table 2.

Literature review of traffic accident prevention and avoidance schemes based on Routing Schemes.

Authors	Proposed Scheme Name	Proposed Scheme Methodology	Issues Identified	Benefits	Scalability Issue	Simulation Tool
Rajesh-Kumar et al. [21]	Distance Based routing scheme	The scheme obtains the vehicle location and calculates the distance of the vehicle that is near to the intersection. After calculating the location, the vehicle with the shortest distance to the intersection will send an alert to the other vehicles about its distance and location. All other vehicles will be alerted about the upcoming vehicle and are protected from the traffic accident	Possibilities presented at the intersection. Timeliness of alert messages	Less traffic congestion Maximum Packet Delivery Ratio.	Yes	NS-2.34
Nzouonta et al. [24]	Spatio-Temporal Emergency Information Dissemination (STEID)	The routing scheme satisfies both temporal and spatial reliability by guaranteeing the delivery of an alert message in a short interval The message passes to all the vehicles that are passing through the zone during the lifetime of an emergency.	Delay in message broadcasting	Maximum delivery ratio of alert messages Less traffic load Less delay w.r.t message reception rate	No	NS-2.29
Devdhara et al. [27,28]	Inter-Vehicle Collision (IVC) scheme	All vehicles in the cluster broadcast secure the message to give further information to the other vehicles. A traffic accident which lies in the same cluster is detected and information about the accident is sent to the other vehicles in the cluster.	Simple Flooding	Cluster size Driver reaction time Transmission range	No	SUMO OMNET++ VEINS Clustering Algorithm Techniques
Bhumkar et al. [29]	Driver fatigue detection scheme	The proposed scheme used real time sensors to detect the driver’s fatigue immediately. Upon detection, it warns through a notification message and then turns the ignition off. The scheme performs very well on human behavior like drinking alcohol.	Human behavior causes traffic accidents	Driver reaction time Transmission range	No	ARM7 MQ-3 gas sensor GPS Smart Receiver Google Map API Visual Basic (VB)
Nzouonta et al. [30]	Road Based Vehicular Traffic (RBVT) routing scheme	The proposed routing scheme used the geographical forwarding scheme in order to transmit interest packets between road intersections on the route. The proposed scheme performs very well on the intersections. AODV protocol is used to discover the route.	Possibilities use the presented intersection. The collision probability is used to evaluate the communication in VANETs.	Average packet delivery ratio High Average delay due to its traffic overhead.	No	NS-2.30 SUMO DCF standard with IEEE 802.11p
Manoj et al. [31]	Traffic congestion detection and avoidance scheme	After the detection of traffic congestion, the drivers of the vehicles provide magnitude and location of the vehicle. The affected vehicle, which is involved in the traffic accident, broadcasts the warning message to the RSU. The RSU further rebroadcasts the warning message to make a decision on an alternate route.	Distribution of the capacity of the bandwidth. Detection of the Traffic Congestion.	Efficient bandwidth utilization Minimum message overhead	No	Net Beans IDE 7.0 Java
Khatri et al. [32]	Traffic congestion detection and avoidance scheme	The best forwarder vehicle collects the congestion message. It checks if the area is congested or not. If not, then the vehicle stores this message in its own memory. Otherwise, it simply shares the congestion location with the other vehicles [33].	Distribution of the capacity of the bandwidth. Detection of the Traffic Congestion.	Less transmission overhead Efficient utilization of the bandwidth	No	NS-2.0 SUMO