Table 1.
Various immunosensors and their preparation conditions.
| Immunosensor | Components | Preparation Conditions | Binding Technique | Target | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ab1/GS/SPCE | GS | Acid treatment of graphite flakes | EDC/NHS (covalent) | CEA, CA125, CA153 | [30] |
| Ab1/N-GS/GCE | N-GS | GO prepared from acid treatment of graphite and then reduced with DMF at 153 °C to get N-GS | glutaraldehyde (covalent) | SCCA | [28] |
| Ab1-ADA/CD-GN/GCE | Ab1-ADA | EDC/NHS chemistry | physical | CEA | [37] |
| CD-GN | GO prepared from acid treatment of graphite and then reduced with hydrazine in presence of ammonia and β-CD at 60 °C to get CD-GN | ||||
| Ab1/MWCNTs/GCE | MWCNT-COOH | Acid treatment of MWCNTs | EDC/NHS (covalent) | AFP | [33] |
| Ab1/CD-GS/GCE | CD-GS | GO prepared from acid treatment of graphite and then reduced with hydrazine in presence of ammonia and β-CD at 180 °C to get CD-GS | physical | AFP | [38] |
| Ab1-GS/GCE | GS | GO prepared from acid treatment of graphite flakes and then reduced with hydrazine at 100 °C to get GS | EDC/NHS (covalent) | CA 15-3 | [31] |
| Ab1-ADA/CD-GS/GCE | Ab1-ADA | EDC/NHS chemistry | EDC/NHS (covalent) | AFP | [39] |
| CD-GS | GO prepared from acid treatment of graphite and then reduced with hydrazine hydrate in presence of ammonia and β-CD at 60 °C to get CD-GS | ||||
| Ab1-PA/AuNP/CSSH-SWCNTs/Au | AuNPs | Sodium citrate based reduction at 100 °C | PA-antibody interaction | AFP | [40] |
| CSSH | EDC/NHS chemistry | ||||
| anti-HER2 Nb/SPE | COOH-SPE | Acid treatment at 1.6 V | EDC/NHS (covalent) | HER2 | [63] |
| Ab1/GS-Thi/GCE | GS-Thi | Thi adsorption on GS | EDC/NHS (covalent) | AFP | [64] |
| Ab1/IL-rGO/GCE | IL-rGO | treating GO with IL-NH2 in KOH at 80 °C | glutaraldehyde (covalent) | CEA, AFP | [29] |
| Ab1/N-GS-CH/GCE | N-GS-CH | GO prepared from acid treatment of graphite and then undergo thermal annealing in ammonia to get N-GS which was then mixed with CH to get N-GS-CH | glutaraldehyde (covalent) | SCC | [65] |
| Ab1/rGO-TEPA/GCE | rGO-TEPA | rGO-TEPA | EDC/NHS (covalent) | CEA, SCCA | [66] |
| Ab1/rGO-TEPA/GCE | rGO-TEPA | rGO-TEPA | EDC/NHS (covalent) | CA72-4 | [67] |
| Ab1-GS/GCE | GS-COOH | GO prepared from acid treatment of graphite and then undergo thermal exfoliation in quartz tube at 1000 °C to get GS which was then treated chloroacetic acid in basic media to generate GS-COOH | EDC/NHS (covalent) | CA15-3 | [32] |
| Ab1/MWCNTs/DAH/GCE | MWCNT-COOH | Nitric acid treatment of MWCNTs | EDC/NHS (covalent) | PSA | [68] |
| DAH monolayer | CV scans in 0.2 and 1.6 V at 20 mV/s | ||||
| Ab1/CH/rGO/SPC/whatman paper | rGO | GO prepared from acid treatment of graphite and reduced electrochemically at −1.0 V CH coating | glutaraldehyde (covalent) | AFP, CEA, CA125, CA153 | [69] |
| Ab1/nafion-AuNP-DN-GR/GCE | GR | GO prepared from acid treatment of graphite and reduced using NaBH4 at 85 °C | physical | CEA | [34] |
| AuNPs | Sodium citrate based reduction at 97 °C | ||||
| Ab1/thionine/AuNP-PMMA dendrimer/CH-MWCNTs-IL/GCE | AuNP-PMMA dendrimer | AuNPs prepared via citrate method were mixed and incubated with thiol terminated PAMAM prepared via treating amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimer (G4) with methyl mercaptoacetate at 50 °C | phthaloyl chloride (covalent) | PSA | [42] |
| Ab1-thionine/CH/rGO/GCE | rGO | GO prepared from acid treatment of graphite and reduced electrochemically at −1.0 V CH coating | glutaraldehyde (covalent) | PSA | [70] |
| Ab1/Au@SH-GS/GCE | AuNPs | Sodium citrate based reduction in boiling condition | physical | SCCA | [41] |
| SH-GS | GO prepared from acid treatment of graphite was treated with MPTES at 70 °C followed by treating with hydrazine hydrate at 95 °C to get SH-GS | ||||
| Ab1/AuNPs-IL-rGO/GCE | IL-rGO | GO was mixed with IL-NH2 in KOH and reflux at 80 °C to get IL-rGO | physical | AFP, CEA, PSA | [43] |
| AuNPs-IL-rGO | IL-rGO mixed with HAuCl4 was reduced using ascorbic acid to get AuNPs-IL-rGO nanocomposite | ||||
| Ab1/Au@APTES-GS/GCE | APTES-GS | GO treated with APTES at 70 °C followed by treating with hydrazine hydrate at 95 °C to get APTES-GS | physical | CEA | [45] |
| AuNPs | HAuCl4 reduction using NaBH4 in ice bath | ||||
| Ab1/CH/rGO/GCE | rGO | GO prepared from acid treatment of graphite and reduced electrochemically at −1.0 V after CH coating | glutaraldehyde (covalent) | CEA | [71] |
| Ab1/AuNPs-IL-rGO/GCE | IL-rGO | GO was mixed with IL-NH2 in KOH and reflux at 80 °C to get IL-rGO | physical | CEA, AFP | [44] |
| AuNPs | HAuCl4 reduction using NaBH4 and/or sodium citrate | ||||
| Ab1/Au-GR/GCE | Au-GR | Mix HAuCl4 with GO and perform 5 CV scan in −1.5 V to 0 V at 50 mV/s | physical | AFP, CEA, CA125, PSA | [46] |
| Ab1/Au-PGO/GCE | Au-PGO | Treat GO, HAuCl4 and PEG mixture at 180 °C | physical | CA19-9 | [72] |
| Ab1/Au-Gra/GCE | Au-Gra | Treat GO-AA mixture with HAuCl4 at room temperature | physical | AFP | [73] |
| Ab1/AuNPs/CH-Thi-CNTs/GCE | AuNP | Electrochemical deposition at −200 mV | physical | CEA | [47] |
| Thi-CNT | Modify COOH-CNTs with thionine using EDC/NHS chemistry | ||||
| Ab1/GO-AuNP/GCE | GO AuNP |
physical | CEA | [35] | |
| Ab1/HAG/PANI/rGO/GCE | HAG | Electrochemically deposited at −200 mV | physical | CEA, AFP | [36] |
| PANI | Electro-polymerization at 0.75 V | ||||
| Ab1/CH-AuNP/GCE | CH-AuNPs | NaBH4 based reduction of CH-HAuCl4 solution | EDC/NHS (covalent) | CEA, AFP | [52] |
| Ab1/NPG/GCE | NPG | Acid based removal of silver from silver gold alloy | physical | CA72-4 | [55] |
| Ab1/AuNPs/GCE | AuNPs | Electrodeposited at −0.2V | physical | CEA, AFP | [48] |
| Ab1/AuNPs/GCE | AuNPs | Electrodeposited at −0.2V | physical | AFP | [49] |
| Ab1/AuNPs/GCE | AuNPs | Sodium citrate based reduction in boiling condition | physical | AFP | [50] |
| AuNPs/GCE | Electrochemical deposition at 1.5 V | ||||
| Ab1/CH-AuNP/GCE | CH-AuNPs | NaBH4 based reduction of CH-HAuCl4 solution | Physical | CEA, AFP | [53] |
| Ab1/MoS2-Au/GCE | MoS2-Au | Citrate based reduction of HAuCl4-MoS2 nano-sheets solution | Physical | CEA | [56] |
| Ab1-TB/Au@MCM-41/GCE | NH2-MCM-41 | Treating MCM-41 with APTES at 70 °C | physical | AFP | [57] |
| AuNPs | HAuCl4 reduction using NaBH4 in ice bath | ||||
| Ab1/CH-AuNPs/GCE | CH-AuNPs | Refluxing CH-HAuCl4 solution for 1 h | glutaraldehyde (covalent) | CEA, AFP | [54] |
| Ab1-biotin/streptavidin/Au–Fe3O4@SiO2/Au/magnet | Fe3O4 | Treating FeCl2, FeCl3, and PEG 4000 mixture with NaOH at 80 °C | streptavidin-biotin interaction | CA 19-9 | [74] |
| Fe3O4@SiO2 | Treating PDDA-Fe3O4 solution pH 11 (using ammonia) with TEOS at room temperature | ||||
| Au–Fe3O4@SiO2 | Treating PDDA-Fe3O4@SiO2 solution with AuNPs solution | ||||
| Ab1/PSS/IL-rGO/GCE | IL-rGO | GO was mixed with IL-NH2 in KOH and treated at 80 °C | electrostatic | CEA, PSA, AFP | [75] |
| aptamer/AuNP/oPD/Au | oPD/Au | Electropolymerized via CV scans in −0.5 and 0.8 V range at 50 mV/s | physical | MUC 1 | [58] |
| Ab1/AuNPs/GCE | AuNPs | Electrodeposited at −0.2 V | physical | AFP | [51] |
| Ab1/PANI/Au/paper | Au | Seed layer using AuNPs prepared via NaBH4, citrate method; Au layer using growth solution of HAuCl4 cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride |
glutaraldehyde (covalent) | CEA, AFP | [76] |
| PANI | 20 CV scans in −0.1 to 0.8 V range at 50 mV/s | ||||
| Ab1/β-CD/GCE | oxidize GCE | 5 CV scans in H2SO4 solution in 0 to 2 V | physical | CEA | [60] |
| Ab1/PAMAM/GCE | PAMAM/GCE | Using infrared light treatment | EDC/NHS (covalent) | PSA | [61] |
| Ab1/cysteine /Au | cysteine /Au | Self-assembled monolayer | EDC/NHS (covalent) | CEA | [62] |
| PSA aptamer/GDPTS/PDMS | GDPTS/PDMS | Self-assembled monolayer | epoxide chemistry | PSA | [77] |
| Ab1/Au@MWCNTs-SO3H/GCE | MWCNTs-SO3H | Refluxing MWCNTs in H2SO4-HNO3 at 120 °C, 30 min | physical | PSA | [78] |
| AuNPs | Sodium citrate based reduction at 100 °C reflux | ||||
| Ab1/PDA-rGO/GCE | PDA-rGO | Mixing dopamine with GO and stirring for 24 h at 25 °C | physical | CEA | [79] |
| Ab1/AuNPs/GCE | AuNPs | Electrodeposited at −0.2 V | physical | CEA, NSE, CA125, Cyfra21–1, SCCA | [80] |
| Ab1/MPA/Au | MPA/Au | Self-assembled monolayer | EDC/NHS (covalent) | PSA, PSMA, IL-6, PF-4 | [81] |
| Ab1/MUDA-mercapto ethanol/Au | MUDA-mercapto ethanol | Self-assembled monolayer | EDC/NHS (covalent) | PSA | [82] |
| Ab1/PS | physical | PSA | [83] | ||
| Ab1/3D-G-CH/GCE | 3D-G | GO was first prepared from natural graphite powder by Hummer’s method followed by autoclaving at 180 °C to get 3D-G. Dried 3D-G was then mixed in 1% CS | glutaraldehyde (covalent) | CYFRA21-1 | [84] |
| Ab1/polystyrene; AgNP/SPCE | AgNPs | Sodium citrate-based reduction of AgNO3 in boiling condition | physical | AFP | [85] |
| antiHER2/APTMS-Fe3O4/GCE | Fe3O4 | Chemical co-precipitation from FeCl3·6H2O and FeCl2·4H2O mix using ammonia solution | glutaraldehyde (covalent) | HER2 | [86] |
| Anti-CEA/LPA/Au | NHS-LPA/Au | Self-assembly | covalent | CEA | [87] |
| Ab1-AuNPs/CHI/SPE | AuNPs | Electrochemical reduction in 0.5 M H2SO4 via CV scans between −1.5 and 0.5 V at a rate of 30 mV/s | physical | PSA | [88] |
| BSA/anti-CEA/AuNPs/GCE | AuNPs | Electrodeposit deposition by cyclic sweeping in the potential range of −0.5 to 0 V (vs. SCE) at 50 mV/s for 50 segments | physical | CEA | [89] |
| Ab1/Au@Th/GO/GCE | Au@Th/GO | GO synthesized using modified Hummers’ method was mixed with Thi and HAuCl4 solution and stir | physical | PSA | [90] |
| Ab1/Au@MWCNTs-SO3H/GCE | AuNPs | Citrate reduction of HAuCl4 solution; | physical | PSA | [78] |
| Au@MWCNT-SO3H | Physical adsorption of AuNPs on MWCNTs-SO3H | ||||
| Ab1/Au@MPTES-GS/GCE | AuNPs | Citrate reduction of HAuCl4 solution | physical | AFP | [91] |
| MPTES-GS | GO synthesized using modified Hummers’ method was treated with MPTES in ethanol at 70 °C for 2 h followed by treatment with hydrazine solution at 95 °C for 1.5 h | ||||
| Ab1/AuNPs/GCE | AuNPs | Electrochemical reduction at −0.2 V, 30 s | physical | CEA | [92] |
| Ab1/β-CD/MWCNT/GCE | β-CD/MWCNTs | Grind rMWCNTs and β-CD in ethanol | physical | CEA | [93] |
| Ab1/streptavidin-NG-CH/GCE | NG-S | GO synthesized using modified Hummers’ method was refluxed with hydrazine at 100 °C, 24 h. Obtained rGO was then mixed with pyrrole and treated with ammonium peroxydisulphate. Obtained PPY-rGO was heat treated till 600 °C, 2 h | Biotin-streptavidin | [94] | |
| Ab1/AuNPs/GCE | AuNPs | Electrochemical reduction at −0.2V, 30 s | physical | CEA | [95] |
| Fe3O4@AuNPs-Ab1 | Fe3O4 | From ferrous complex via hydrothermal method using H2O2 as oxidizer | physical | AFP | [96] |
| Fe3O4@AuNPs | Mixture of Fe3O4 NPs with PEG 20000 and HAuCl4 was treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride | ||||
| Ab1/Au/ZnO/RGO/GCE | Au/ZnO/RGO | GO synthesized using modified Hummers’ method was mixed with C12N3. Solution was adjusted to pH 12 and mixed with Zn(NO3)2 and HAuCl4 followed by treatment with hydrazine at 105 °C, 5 h | physical | AFP | [97] |
| Ab1/CH/CNT/SPE | CH/CNT/SPE | Acid treated CNTs were mixed with nafion 117 and drop casted on SPE followed by deposition of CH solution | glutaraldehyde (covalent) | PSA | [98] |
| Ab1/AuNP/GCE | AuNPs | Electrochemical reduction at −0.2 V, 30 s | physical | SCCA | [99] |
| Ab1/AuNP/GCE | AuNPs | Electrochemical reduction at −0.2 V, 30 s | physical | AFP | [100] |
| Ab1-BSA/AuNP/PANI/GCE | PANI/GCE | Phytic acid doped polyaniline via electrochemical co-deposition at 0.8 V, 400 s | physical | PSA | [101] |
| AuNPs | Electrodeposit deposition by cyclic sweeping in the potential range of −1 to 0.2 V at 50 mV/s, 10 cycles | ||||
| Ab1/AuPd NCNs/GCE | AuPd NCNs | Add HAuCl4, H2PdCl4 and PVP sequentially into NaOH solution containing T7AA | physical | CA 15-3 | [102] |
| Ab1/Au@PDA/GCE | Au@PDA | Citrate reduced AuNPs were treated with dopamine in tris buffer | physical | CEA | [103] |
| Ab1/Au@N-GQD/GCE | N-GQD | Dicyandiamide and CA solution was autoclaved at 180°C, 12 h | physical | PSA | [104] |
| Au@N-GQD | HAuCl4 was added to N-GQD, pH adjusted to 10 using NaOH followed by autoclaving at 160 °C, 6 h |
Notes: β-CD: β-cyclodextrin; 3D-G: 3-dimensional graphene; AA: ascorbic acid; Ab1: capture antibody; ADA-COOH: adamantine-1-carboxylic acid; AFP: α-fetoprotein; APTES: 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; APTMS: 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; CA: citric acid; CA 19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CA125: carbohydrate antigen 125; CA15-3: carbohydrate antigen 15-3; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CH: chitosan; CSSH: L-cysteine modified chitosan; CV: cyclic voltammetry; Cyfra21–1: cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21–1; DAH: 1, 7-diaminoheptane; DMF: dimethylformamide; DN: 1,5-diaminonaphthalene; EDC: 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide; GDPTS: (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane; GN: graphene nanosheet; GS: graphene sheet; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-NH2: 1-aminopropyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; LPA: lipoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester; MCM-41: multifunctional mesoporous silica; MPA: mercaptopropionic acid; MUDA: mercaptoundecanoic acid; Nb: nanobody (antigen-binding fragments with single domain); N-GS: nitrogen doped graphene sheet; NHS: N-Hydroxysuccinimide; NPG: nanoporous gold; NSE: neuron specific enolase; oPD: poly(o-phenylenediamine); PA: protein A; PAMAM: polyamidoamine dendrimers; PDA: polydopamine; PDDA: poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride); PF-4: platelet factor-4; PGO: porous graphene oxide; PS: polystyrene; PSA: prostate specific antigen; PSMA: prostate specific membrane antigen; PSS: poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate); SAM: self-assembled monolayer; SCCA: squamous cell carcinoma antigen; SH-GS: mercapto-functionalized graphene sheets; SPC: screen printed carbon; SPCE: screen printed carbon electrode; TB: toluidine blue; TEPA: tetraethylene pentamine; Thi: thionine.