Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in Africa (Demographic Health Survey (DHS), 2010–2014).
| Total n | Not Exposed n (%wt) | Exposed to ETS n (%wt) | p-Value a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 208,027 | 160,722 (78.0) | 47,305 (22.0) b | ||
| Birth weight | |||||
| ≥Normal | 175,019 | 135,603 (78.2) | 39,416 (21.8) | 0.022 | |
| Low birthweight | 33,008 | 25,119 (77.3) | 7889 (22.7) | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 105,451 | 81,621 (78.2) | 23,830 (21.8) | 0.157 | |
| Female | 102,576 | 79,101 (77.9) | 23,475 (22.1) | ||
| Birth order, M (SD) | 3.8 (2.4) | 3.8 (2.4) | 4.0 (2.4) | <0.001 | |
| Mother’s age | |||||
| ≤ 19 | 9585 | 7314 (77.6) | 2271 (22.5) | <0.001 | |
| 20–29 | 101,505 | 78,980 (78.7) | 22,525 (21.3) | ||
| 30–39 | 77,188 | 59,467 (77.7) | 17,721 (22.3) | ||
| ≥40 | 19,749 | 14,961 (76.2) | 4788 (23.8) | ||
| Mother’s occupation | |||||
| Not employed | 62,561 | 49,294 (80.1) | 13,267 (19.9) | <0.001 | |
| Professionals | 5867 | 5171 (89.2) | 696 (10.8) | ||
| Sales | 39,493 | 32,197 (82.2) | 7296 (17.8) | ||
| Farming | 76,304 | 54,866 (72.1) | 21,438 (27.8) | ||
| Other services | 23,802 | 19,194 (81.2) | 4608 (18.8) | ||
| Country | |||||
| Bukina Faso | 14,292 | 10,260 (71.3) | 4032 (28.8) | <0.001 | |
| Benin | 11,423 | 9901 (87.2) | 1522 (12.9) | ||
| Burundi | 7213 | 5065 (69.2) | 2148 (30.8) | ||
| DRC | 17,255 | 11,758 (69.2) | 5497 (30.8) | ||
| Congo | 7789 | 5735 (78.1) | 2054 (21.9) | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire c | 6426 | 4549 (71.1) | 1877 (28.9) | ||
| Ethiopia | 11,048 | 8889 (87.4) | 2159 (12.6) | ||
| Gabon | 4044 | 2729 (74.9) | 1315 (25.1) | ||
| Gambia | 7218 | 4944 (69.2) | 2274 (30.8) | ||
| Guinea | 6474 | 4621 (71.1) | 1853 (28.9) | ||
| Kenya | 8916 | 7700 (86.0) | 1216 (14.0) | ||
| Comoros | 2537 | 1779 (71.5) | 758 (28.5) | ||
| Liberia | 5474 | 4452 (84.4) | 1022 (15.6) | ||
| Mali | 8391 | 6594 (79.4) | 1797 (20.6) | ||
| Mozambique | 9589 | 6948 (71.9) | 2641 (28.1) | ||
| Nigeria | 29,529 | 27,557 (93.2) | 1972 (6.8) | ||
| Namibia | 2096 | 1455 (73.8) | 641 (26.2) | ||
| Rwanda | 8291 | 6700 (80.7) | 1591 (19.3) | ||
| Sierra Leone | 10,171 | 5796 (55.1) | 4375 (44.9) | ||
| Togo | 6522 | 5138 (81.4) | 1384 (18.6) | ||
| Uganda | 7508 | 5690 (75.3) | 1818 (24.7) | ||
| Zambia | 11,049 | 8916 (81.4) | 2133 (18.6) | ||
| Zimbabwe | 4772 | 3546 (73.6) | 1226 (26.4) | ||
| Residence | |||||
| Urban | 59,109 | 47,930 (82.4) | 11,179 (17.6) | <0.001 | |
| Rural | 148,918 | 112,792 (76.2) | 36,126 (23.8) | ||
| Family size, M (SD) | 7.0 (4.2) | 6.9 (3.9) | 7.5 (4.9) | <0.001 | |
| Wealth index | |||||
| Poorest | 54,164 | 39,571 (73.8) | 14,593 (26.2) | <0.001 | |
| Poorer | 45,907 | 34,376 (75.0) | 11,531 (25.0) | ||
| Middle | 40,807 | 31,606 (77.7) | 9201 (22.3) | ||
| Richer | 36,503 | 29,390 (81.0) | 7113 (19.0) | ||
| Richest | 30,646 | 25,779 (85.3) | 4867 (14.7) | ||
| Father’s occupation | |||||
| Not employed | 18,755 | 14,535 (77.7) | 4220 (22.3) | <0.001 | |
| Professionals | 18,712 | 15,980 (85.9) | 2732 (14.2) | ||
| Sales | 20,161 | 16,934 (84.3) | 3227 (15.7) | ||
| Agriculture | 96,984 | 71,091 (74.2) | 25,893 (25.8) | ||
| Other services | 53,415 | 42,182 (79.8) | 11,233 (20.2) | ||
| Cooking fuel | |||||
| Clean | 8502 | 6979 (83.3) | 1523 (16.7) | <0.001 | |
| Pollutant | 199,525 | 153,743 (77.8) | 45,782 (22.2) | ||
| Kitchen location | |||||
| Separate building | 77,622 | 59,180 (76.8) | 18,442 (23.2) | <0.001 | |
| In-house | 56,930 | 45,968 (82.1) | 10,962 (17.9) | ||
| Outdoor | 73,475 | 55,574 (75.9) | 17,901 (24.1) | ||
a, Chi-Square was used to test for the group difference of categorical variables while generalized linear regression was employed for continuous variables; b, ETS exposure frequency: monthly (n = 3178 (1.5%)), weekly (n = 5096 (2.5%)) and daily (n = 39,031 (18.0%)); c, Also known as Ivory Coast; DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo; ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; n, number; %wt, weighted percentage.