Table 2.
Crude and adjusted odds ratios of logistic regression analyses for low birthweight in Africa (DHS, 2010–2014).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | ||
| Exposed to ETS (Ref: No) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) * | 1.04 (0.99, 1.08) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) ** | |
| ETS exposure frequency (Ref: No) | ||||
| Monthly | 1.10 (0.97, 1.26) | 1.12 (0.98, 1.27) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.22) | |
| Weekly | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.19) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.20) | |
| Daily | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) * | 1.03 (0.99, 1.08) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) * | |
| Gender (Ref: Male) | 1.25 (1.22, 1.29) *** | 1.25 (1.22, 1.29) *** | 1.26 (1.22, 1.30) *** | |
| Birth order (in 1 unit increments) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | |
| Mother’s age group (≤19 years) | ||||
| 20–29 | 0.80 (0.74, 0.86) *** | 0.80 (0.75, 0.86) *** | 0.79 (0.74, 0.85) *** | |
| 30–39 | 0.72 (0.67, 0.77) *** | 0.71 (0.66, 0.77) *** | 0.72 (0.66, 0.78) *** | |
| ≥40 | 0.79 (0.73, 0.86) *** | 0.76 (0.68, 0.84) *** | 0.78 (0.70, 0.86) *** | |
| Mother’s education (Ref: No education) | ||||
| Primary | 0.82 (0.79, 0.87) *** | 0.82 (0.79, 0.86) *** | 0.86 (0.82, 0.91) *** | |
| Secondary | 0.74 (0.71, 0.79) *** | 0.73 (0.69, 0.77) *** | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) *** | |
| Higher | 0.64 (0.56, 0.74) *** | 0.64 (0.54, 0.74) *** | 0.71 (0.60, 0.83) *** | |
| Mother’s occupation (Ref: unemployed) | ||||
| Professional/office-related | 0.75 (0.41, 0.50) *** | 0.98 (0.86, 1.12) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.12) | |
| Sales | 0.86 (0.91, 0.98) *** | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) *** | 0.97 (0.92, 1.03) | |
| Farming | 0.90 (1.10, 1.17) *** | 0.88 (0.84, 0.93) *** | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) *** | |
| Other services | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | |
| Country (Ref: Benin) | ||||
| Bukina Faso | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | ||
| Burundi | 1.32 (1.17, 1.48) *** | 1.38 (1.23, 1.56) *** | ||
| DRC | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) | ||
| Congo | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire a | 1.14 (0.98, 1.33) | 1.24 (1.06, 1.45) ** | ||
| Ethiopia | 2.61 (2.31, 2.95) *** | 2.78 (2.46, 3.14) *** | ||
| Gabon | 1.42 (1.19, 1.69) *** | 1.55 (1.27, 1.88) *** | ||
| Gambia | 1.68 (1.47, 1.93) *** | 1.78 (1.55, 2.05) *** | ||
| Guinea | 0.96 (0.83, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) | ||
| Kenya | 1.12 (0.98, 1.27) | 1.28 (1.12, 1.47) *** | ||
| Comoros | 1.85 (1.57, 2.19) *** | 1.75 (1.47, 2.08) *** | ||
| Liberia | 1.60 (1.40, 1.83) *** | 1.61 (1.40, 1.84) *** | ||
| Mali | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | ||
| Mozambique | 0.96 (0.85, 1.10) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.20) | ||
| Nigeria | 1.15 (1.03, 1.28) * | 1.15 (1.03, 1.28) * | ||
| Namibia | 1.41 (1.18, 1.68) *** | 1.60 (1.33, 1.93) *** | ||
| Rwanda | 1.14 (1.02, 1.27) * | 1.29 (1.15, 1.44) *** | ||
| Sierra Leone | 1.29 (1.14, 1.47) *** | 1.23 (1.08, 1.40) ** | ||
| Togo | 1.25 (1.09, 1.42) *** | 1.36 (1.19, 1.54) *** | ||
| Uganda | 1.72 (1.53, 1.93) *** | 1.83 (1.53, 2.19) *** | ||
| Zambia | 0.77 (0.69, 0.87) *** | 0.88 (0.78, 1.00) * | ||
| Zimbabwe | 0.89 (0.77, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.15) | ||
| Residence (Ref: Urban) | 1.13 (1.08, 1.19) *** | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) * | ||
| Family size (in 1 unit increments) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) *** | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Wealth index (Ref: poorest) | ||||
| Poorer | 0.87 (0.83, 0.92) *** | 0.88 (0.84, 0.93) *** | ||
| Middle | 0.83 (0.79, 0.88) *** | 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) *** | ||
| Richer | 0.78 (0.74, 0.83) *** | 0.80 (0.75, 0.85) *** | ||
| Richest | 0.71 (0.67, 0.76) *** | 0.73 (0.67, 0.79) *** | ||
| Father’s occupation (Ref: Not employed) | ||||
| Professional/office-related | 0.82 (0.75, 0.90) *** | 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) | ||
| Sales | 0.86 (0.79, 0.93) *** | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | ||
| Farming | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.04) | ||
| Other services | 0.84 (0.79, 0.91) *** | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) | ||
| Pollutant fuel (Ref: Clean fuel) | 1.13 (1.03, 1.24) ** | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | ||
| Kitchen location (Ref: Separate) | ||||
| In-house | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17) *** | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) * | ||
| Outdoor | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) *** | 0.99 (0.94, 1.03) | ||
a, Also known as Ivory Coast; DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo; ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Model 1 is unadjusted; Model 2 is adjusted for child’s gender, birth order, mother’s age, mother’s education, and mother’s occupation; Model 3 is adjusted for model 2 plus country, residence, family size, wealth index, father’s occupation, cooking fuel, and kitchen location; * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001.