Table 5.
Risk factors associated with TB clustering: logistic regression analysis stratified by lineage.a
| Variables | Lineage 4 (n = 1741) |
Univariate | Multivariateb |
Lineage 5 (n = 289) |
Univariate |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TB cases, n (%) | Clustered casesc, n (%) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value | TB cases, n (%) | Clustered casesc, n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Year diagnosed | 1741 (100) | 289 (100) | |||||||
| 2012 | 183 (10·5) | 120 (65·6) | 1·5 (1·1–2·1)* | 1·4 (1·0–2·1) | 0·062 | 26 (9·0) | 14 (53·8) | 1·2 (0·5–2·9) | 0·659 |
| 2013 | 568 (32·6) | 318 (56·0) | Reference | 98 (33·9) | 48 (49·0) | Reference | |||
| 2014 | 548 (31·5) | 300 (54·7) | 1·0 (0·8–1·2) | 1·0 (0·7–1·3) | 0·847 | 92 (31·8) | 43 (46·7) | 0·9 (0·5–1·6) | 0·757 |
| 2015 | 442 (25·4) | 244 (55·2) | 1·0 (0·8–1·2) | 1·0 (0·7–1·3) | 0·955 | 73 (25·3) | 38 (52·1) | 1·2 (0·6–2·1) | 0·691 |
| Age (years) | 1672 | 283 | |||||||
| <15 | 27 (1·6) | 20 (74·1) | 2·1 (0·9–5·0) | 5 (1·8) | 3 (60·0) | ||||
| 15–29 | 497 (29·7) | 289 (58·2) | Reference | 78 (27·6) | 42 (53·8) | ||||
| 30–39 | 432 (25·8) | 252 (58·3) | 1·0 (0·8–1·3) | 68 (24·0) | 31 (45·6) | ||||
| 40–59 | 580 (34·7) | 315 (54·3) | 0·9 (0·7–1·1) | 94 (33·2) | 48 (51·1) | ||||
| >59 | 136 (8·1) | 71 (52·2) | 0·8 (0·5–1·2) | 38 (13·4) | 16 (42·1) | ||||
| Locality | 1741 (100) | 289 (100) | |||||||
| Rural | 153 (8·8) | 59 (38·6) | Reference | 15 (5·2) | 4 (26·7) | Reference | |||
| Urban | 1588 (91·2) | 923 (58·1) | 2·2 (1·6–3·1)** | 274 (94·8) | 139 (50·7) | 2·8 (0·9–9·1) | 0·081 | ||
| Residential district | 1165 | 189 | |||||||
| Ablekuma | 412 (35·4) | 237 (57·5) | Reference | 77 (40·7) | 39 (50·7) | Reference | |||
| Ashiedu Keteke | 132 (11·3) | 81 (61·4) | 1·2 (0·8–1·8) | 13 (6·9) | 5 (38·5) | 0·6 (0·2–2·0) | 0·419 | ||
| Ayawaso | 178 (15·3) | 111 (62·4) | 1·2 (0·8–1·8) | 21 (11·1) | 7 (33·3) | 0·5 (0·2–1·4) | 0·163 | ||
| Kpeshie | 166 (14·2) | 88 (53·0) | 0·8 (0·6–1·2) | 37 (19·6) | 25 (67·6) | 2·0 (0·9–4·6) | 0·091 | ||
| Mamprusi East | 56 (4·8) | 19 (33·9) | 0·4 (0·2–0·7)* | 4 (2·1) | 1 (25·0) | 0·32 (0·03–3·26) | 0·339 | ||
| Okaikoi | 134 (11·5) | 80 (59·7) | 1·1 (0·7–1·6) | 24 (12·7) | 12 (50·0) | 1·0 (0·4–2·4) | 0·956 | ||
| Osu Klottey | 87 (7·5) | 58 (66·7) | 1·5 (0·9–2·4) | 13 (6·9) | 5 (38·5) | 0·6 (0·2–2·0) | 0·419 | ||
| Monthly income (GH) | 1222 | ||||||||
| None | 275 (22·5) | 167 (60·7) | Reference | ||||||
| <301 | 605 (49·5) | 351 (58·0) | 0·9 (0·7–1·2) | ||||||
| 301–1000 | 314 (25·7) | 184 (58·6) | 0·9 (0·7–1·3) | ||||||
| >1000 | 28 (2·3) | 11 (39·3) | 0·4 (0·2–0·9)* | ||||||
| Marital status | 1322 | ||||||||
| Single | 591 (44·7) | 355 (60·1) | Reference | ||||||
| Married | 549 (41·5) | 312 (56·8) | 0·9 (0·7–1·1) | 0·9 (0·7–1·2) | 0·589 | ||||
| Divorced | 124 (9·4) | 78 (62·9) | 1·1 (0·8–1·7) | 1·1 (0·7–1·7) | 0·543 | ||||
| Widowed | 58 (4·4) | 24 (41·4) | 0·5 (0·3–0·8)* | 0·5 (0·3–0·8) | 0·011 | ||||
| Lineage 4 sub-lineage | |||||||||
| Cameroon | 1046 (60·1) | 614 (58·7) | |||||||
| Ghana | 376 (21·6) | 206 (54·8) | 0·9 (0·7–1·1) | 0·9 (0·7–1·2) | 0·403 | ||||
| Haarlem | 156 (9·0) | 91 (58·3) | 1·0 (0·7–1·4) | 1·0 (0·7–1·5) | 0·87 | ||||
| LAM | 50 (2·9) | 25 (50·0) | 0·7 (0·4–1·2) | 0·7 (0·4–1·4) | 0·354 | ||||
| Uganda | 40 (2·3) | 16 (40·0) | 0·5 (0·2–0·9)* | 0·4 (0·2–0·8) | 0·013 | ||||
| Other | 51 (2·9) | 26 (51·0) | 0·7 (0·4–1·3) | 0·8 (0·4–1·6) | 0·558 | ||||
| Not determined | 22 (1·3) | 4 (18·2) | 0·2 (0·1–0·5)* | 0·10 (0·03–0·35) | <0·001 | ||||
| Drug resistance | 1736 | ||||||||
| Any | 241 (13·9) | 114 (47·3) | 0·7 (0·5–0·9)* | 0·7 (0·5–1·0) | 0·059 | ||||
| None | 1495 (86·1) | 867 (58·0) | Reference | ||||||
TB, tuberculosis; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; GH, Ghanaian cedi.
a
Only variables with p < 0.1 from the general logistic regression model in Table 4 were included in this analysis. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001.
b
For the multivariate model, only variables with p < 0.1 and with at least 90% of available data were included.
c
A cluster was defined as two or more isolates (same strain) that share an indistinguishable spoligotype and 15-locus MIRU-VNTR allelic pattern, but allowing for one missing allelic data at any one of the difficult-to-amplify MIRU loci.