Table 7.
Determinants (Coefficients) of Cigarette Consumption and Smoking Intensity
| Explanatory | Two-Part Modela | Logit Model | Negative Binomial Model | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | (1)b | (2)c | (3) | (4) |
| Age Category (45–59 years) | ||||
| 15–29 years | −14.002(1.935) *** | −0.414(0.180) ** | −1.232(0.299) *** | −0.416** |
| 30–44 years | −12.939(1.417) *** | −0.069(0.139) | −0.601(0.238) ** | −0.048(0.128) |
| Education | ||||
| Years of education | −0.335(0.327) | −0.054(0.037) | −0.158(0.063) ** | −0.066(0.036) * |
| Years of education squared | 0.029(0.019) | 0.005(0.003) * | 0.004(0.005) | 0.006(0.003) ** |
| Age*Education (Others) | ||||
| Old*educated | 1.189(1.671) | 0.307(0.184) * | 0.499(0.341) | 0.342(0.170) ** |
| Use of TV (Never) | ||||
| Sometimes | −0.515(1.344) | 0.077(0.128) | −0.236(0.192) | 0.053(0.113) |
| Wealth category (Lower) | ||||
| Middle | −0.081(0.854) | 0.209(0.163) | 0.114(0.240) | 0.172(0.146) |
| Higher | −0.023(1.280) | 0.162(0.205) | −1.034(0.332) *** | 0.183(0.190) |
| Religious affiliation (Others) | ||||
| Christian | −0.275(1.279) | 0.051(0.137) | −1.265(0.241) *** | 0.045(0.122) |
| Muslim | −0.762(1.228) | 0.614(0.141) *** | −0.507(0.252) ** | 0.548(0.126) *** |
| Region (Greater Accra) | ||||
| Western | −0.512(1.001) | −0.699(0.336) ** | − 0.804(0.521) | −0.570(0.277) ** |
| Central | 14.608(1.670) *** | −0.278(0.350) | −0.533(0.499) | − 0.109(0.281) |
| Volta | 14.528(1.700) *** | −0.082(0.362) | −0.659(0.525) | 0.045(0.304) |
| Eastern | 0.088(1.179) | −0.582(0.328) * | −1.002(0.541) * | −0.432(0.268) |
| Ashanti | 14.432(0.841) *** | −0.185(0.310) | −0.060(0.471) | − 0.030(0.252) |
| Brong Ahafo | 0.673(1.165) | −0.066(0.315) | −0.407(0.512) | 0.052(0.243) |
| Northern | 14.880(1.121) *** | 0.065(0.329) | −0.478(0.529) | 0.194(0.267) |
| Upper East | 1.077(0.942) | 0.668(0.305) ** | −0.280(0.500) | 0.730(0.243) *** |
| Upper West | 15.257(0.975) *** | 0.439(0.315) | −0.344(0.551) | 0.525(0.255) ** |
| Constant | 16.454(1.299) *** | 1.322(0.315) *** | 0.049(0.467) | 1.302(0.250) *** |
| Observations | 252 | 252 | 4385 | 252 |
| Wald chi2+ | 3847.69 (0.000) *** | – | 156.93 (0.000) *** | |
| F-statistic+ | – | 12.89 (0.000) *** | – | |
| F-adjusted mean residual test+ | – | 0.506 (0. 870) | – | |
| Pseudo-R2 | – | – | 0.0713 | |
| Lnalpha | −0.995(0.219) *** | – | 0.307(0.056) *** | |
| Alpha | – | – | −1.180(0.182) *** | |
| AIC statistic | 5.319 | – | – | |
Robust standard errors in parentheses. P-values in parentheses for those marked +. Estimation of the separate logit model accounted for the survey design and hence applied linearized standard errors. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1
Source: Computed by authors from GDHS 2014
a Negative Binomial-Logit Hurdle Model
b Logit Model
c Negative Binomial Model