Table 2.
Clinical Characteristics of Study Patients by the Detection of Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria (MDRGNB) in Either Surveillance of Clinical Culture during Index Hospitalization
| Characteristics | MDRGNB culture positive group (n = 125) | MDRGNB culture negative group (n = 692) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD (year) | 71.5 ± 14.8 | 64.1 ± 17.7 | < 0.001 | ||
| Male sex | 76 | (60.8) | 399 | (57.7) | 0.51 |
| LTCF or nursing-home residence | 20 | (16.0) | 18 | (2.6) | < 0.001 |
| Long-term hemodialysis | 7 | (5.6) | 17 | (2.5) | 0.06 |
| Previous MDRGNB isolationa | 44 | (35.2) | 27 | (3.9) | < 0.001 |
| Co-morbid medical conditions | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 31 | (24.8) | 188 | (27.2) | 0.58 |
| Malignancy | 28 | (22.4) | 173 | (25.0) | 0.53 |
| End-stage renal disease | 7 | (5.6) | 24 | (3.5) | 0.25 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 7 | (5.6) | 72 | (10.4) | 0.09 |
| Congestive heart failure | 19 | (15.2) | 59 | (8.5) | 0.019 |
| COPD | 22 | (17.6) | 60 | (8.7) | 0.002 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 37 | (29.6) | 88 | (12.7) | < 0.001 |
| Bed-ridden status | 61 | (48.8) | 108 | (15.6) | < 0.001 |
| Presence of pressure sore | 17 | (13.6) | 28 | (4.1) | < 0.001 |
| Central vascular catheterb | 13 | (10.4) | 44 | (6.4) | 0.10 |
| Long-term urinary catheter | 18 | (14.4) | 37 | (5.4) | < 0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index, mean ± SD | 3.8 ± 2.6 | 2.8 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 | ||
| High CCI (≥5) | 47 | (37.6) | 174 | (25.1) | 0.004. |
| Index hospitalization treatment | |||||
| Antibiotics exposurec | 115 | (92.0) | 471 | (68.1) | < 0.001 |
| 3rd or 4th generation cephalosporin | 52 | (41.6) | 156 | (22.5) | < 0.001 |
| Ampicillin-sulbactam | 42 | (33.6) | 180 | (26.0) | 0.08 |
| Piperacillin-tazobactam | 41 | (32.8) | 77 | (11.3) | < 0.001 |
| Carbapenem | 21 | (16.8) | 18 | (2.6) | < 0.001 |
| Fluoroquinolone | 22 | (17.6) | 51 | (7.4) | < 0.001 |
| Aminoglycoside | 4 | (3.2) | 6 | (0.9) | 0.05 |
| ICU admission | 14 | (11.2) | 21 | (3.0) | < 0.001 |
| Receiving of tracheal intubation | 14 | (11.2) | 15 | (2.2) | < 0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay, median ± IRQ | 19.0 ± 22.0 | 9.0 ± 12.0 | < 0.001 | ||
Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, MDRGNB multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, ICU intensive care unit, IRQ interquartile range
aWithin 1 year prior to the index hospitalization
bIncluding Port-A catheter, Hickman catheter, permcath catheter, double-lumen catheter, and peripherally inserted central catheter
cIncluding oral and intravenous antibiotic exposure for > 48 h during index hospitalization