Table 3.
Body composition outcomes
| Pre-Training | Post-Training | Effect Size | 95% CI for Δ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Mass (kg) | B | 70.2 ± 13.8 | 70.9 ± 13.8 a | 0.06 | −0.55, 1.93 |
| PL | 67.1 ± 10.1 | 68.3 ± 10.6 a | 0.10 | 0.18, 2.13 | |
| Body Fat (%) | B | 33.1 ± 9.3 | 29.7 ± 9.5 ab | − 0.44 | −4.58, − 2.08 |
| PL | 32.3 ± 6.2 | 30.6 ± 5.8 a | − 0.23 | − 2.74, − 0.74 | |
| Fat Mass (kg) | B | 23.9 ± 11.2 | 21.9 ± 11.4 ab | − 0.22 | −2.76, − 1.30 |
| PL | 22.0 ± 6.5 | 21.3 ± 6.6 a | − 0.09 | − 1.59, 0.03 | |
| Fat Free Mass (kg) | B | 46.0 ± 6.8 | 48.9 ± 6.3 a | 0.49 | 1.31, 4.56 |
| PL | 45.1 ± 5.6 | 47.0 ± 5.6 a | 0.32 | 1.33, 2.52 | |
| Total Water (L) | B | 32.8 ± 4.4 | 33.7 ± 4.3 a | 0.22 | −0.78, 2.45 |
| PL | 31.3 ± 3.8 | 32.9 ± 3.8 a | 0.39 | 0.82, 2.44 | |
| Intracellular Water (L) | B | 16.9 ± 2.3 | 17.7 ± 2.0 a | 0.40 | −0.10, 1.62 |
| PL | 16.2 ± 1.9 | 17.3 ± 1.7 a | 0.55 | 0.57, 1.54 | |
| Extracellular Water (L) | B | 15.8 ± 2.4 | 15.9 ± 2.4 | 0.05 | −0.80, 0.98 |
| PL | 15.0 ± 1.9 | 15.6 ± 2.1 | 0.29 | 0.08, 0.20 | |
| RF Muscle Thickness (mm) | B | 2.97 ± 0.64 | 3.11 ± 0.67 a | 0.26 | 0.08, 0.19 |
| PL | 2.84 ± 0.44 | 2.98 ± 0.54 a | 0.26 | 0.09, 0.18 | |
B betaine, PL placebo
asignificantly different from pre-training
bsignificantly different from placebo