Table 2.
Baseline clinical characteristics of 582 type 1 diabetes mellitus patients with low eGFR and with 4 year follow-up, overall and on the basis of albuminuria
| Overall | Normoalbuminuria | Albuminuria | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 582 | n = 305 | n = 277 | ||
| Male sex | 262 (45.0%) | 99 (32.5%) | 163 (58.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 63 ± 13 | 65 ± 12 | 60 ± 13 | < 0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 27 ± 13 | 26 ± 14 | 27 ± 12 | 0.385 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 ± 5 | 26 ± 4 | 27 ± 6 | 0.085 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.55 ± 0.90 | 1.31 ± 0.40 | 1.81 ± 1.19 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 47 ± 12 | 50 ± 10 | 43 ± 13 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 50 (39–56) | 52 (45–57) | 46 (35–54) | < 0.001 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.6 ± 1.6 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| Serum uric acid in the top quintile | 65 (18.2%) | 20 (11.4%) | 45 (24.7%) | 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.1 ± 1.5 | 8.0 ± 1.3 | 8.3 ± 1.6 | 0.036 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 65 ± 16.4 | 64 ± 14.2 | 67 ± 17.5 | 0.036 |
| HbA1c ≥ 7% | 453 (78.5%) | 234 (77.2%) | 219 (79.9%) | 0.431 |
| HbA1c ≥ 54 mmol/mol | 453 (78.5%) | 234 (77.2%) | 219 (79.9%) | 0.431 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196 ± 40 | 197 ± 37 | 195 ± 43 | 0.677 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 121 ± 81 | 110 ± 82 | 133 ± 79 | 0.002 |
| Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL | 118 (22.1%) | 46 (16.6%) | 72 (28.0%) | 0.002 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 59 ± 19 | 62 ± 19 | 57 ± 18 | 0.004 |
| HDL < 40 M < 50 F mg/dL | 105 (19.7%) | 54 (19.5%) | 51 (20.0%) | 0.884 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 113 ± 33 | 113 ± 31 | 112 ± 35 | 0.636 |
| LDL ≥ 100 mg/dL | 349 (66.0%) | 188 (68.1%) | 161 (63.6%) | 0.278 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 139 ± 19 | 137 ± 19 | 141 ± 19 | 0.032 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77 ± 9 | 77 ± 9 | 78 ± 10 | 0.204 |
| Blood pressure ≥ 140/85 mmHg | 276 (59.2%) | 138 (56.1%) | 138 (62.7%) | 0.146 |
| Non-proliferative retinopathy | 123 (21.1%) | 64 (21.0%) | 59 (21.3%) | 0.926 |
| Proliferative retinopathy | 68 (11.7%) | 24 (7.9%) | 44 (15.9%) | 0.003 |
| Smokers | 46 (18.8%) | 20 (14.5%) | 26 (24.3%) | 0.053 |
| Lipid-lowering treatment | 253 (43.5%) | 124 (40.7%) | 129 (46.6%) | 0.151 |
| Treatment with statins | 238 (40.9%) | 115 (37.7%) | 123 (44.4%) | 0.101 |
| Treatment with fibrates | 8 (1.4%) | 5 (1.6%) | 3 (1.1%) | 0.568 |
| Antihypertensive treatment | 421 (72.3%) | 199 (65.2%) | 222 (80.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Treatment with ACE-Is/ARBs | 372 (63.9%) | 171 (56.1%) | 201 (72.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Aspirin | 139 (23.9%) | 67 (22.0%) | 72 (26.0%) | 0.256 |
| Insulin pump | 18 (3.1%) | 2 (0.7%) | 16 (5.8%) | 0.003 |
| 4-year eGFR reduction > 30% | 125 (21.5%) | 32 (10.5%) | 93 (33.6%) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR at follow-up (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 47 (33–58) | 53 (41–66) | 38 (25–49) | < 0.001 |
Mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or absolute frequency (percentage). Patients’ baseline missing data: duration of diabetes 18 (3.1%), BMI 108 (18.6%), serum uric acid 225 (38.7%), HbA1c 5 (0.9%), total cholesterol 41 (7.0%), triglycerides 48 (8.2%), HDL 50 (8.6%), LDL 53 (9.1%), blood pressure 116 (19.9%), smokers 337 (57.9%)
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ACE-Is angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin II receptor antagonists