Table 3.
Baseline clinical characteristics of 582 type 1 diabetes mellitus patients reaching the renal end-point (estimated Glomerular filtration rate reduction > 30%)
| 4-year eGFR reduction > 30% | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| n = 457 | n = 125 | ||
| Male sex | 197 (43.1%) | 65 (52.0%) | 0.149 |
| Age (years) | 63 ± 13 | 61 ± 14 | 0.295 |
| Known duration of diabetes (years) | 27 ± 13 | 27 ± 13 | 0.726 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26 ± 5 | 27 ± 6 | 0.277 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.49 ± 0.86 | 1.75 ± 1.02 | 0.501 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 48 ± 11 | 43 ± 13 | < 0.001 |
| Albuminuria | 184 (40.3%) | 93 (74.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Microalbuminuria | 131 (28.7%) | 41 (32.8%) | 0.001 |
| Macroalbuminuria | 53 (11.6%) | 52 (41.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 6.2 ± 1.8 | 0.004 |
| Serum uric acid in the top gender-specific quintile | 40 (14.5%) | 25 (30.9%) | 0.038 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.1 ± 1.4 | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 0.049 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 65 ± 15.3 | 68 ± 16.4 | 0.049 |
| HbA1c ≥ 7% | 350 (77.3%) | 103 (83.1%) | 0.129 |
| HbA1c ≥ 53 mmol/mol | 350 (77.3%) | 103 (83.1%) | 0.129 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196 ± 38 | 196 ± 48 | 0.912 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 114 ± 63 | 147 ± 125 | 0.003 |
| Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL | 84 (19.9%) | 34 (30.4%) | 0.054 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 60 ± 19 | 56 ± 18 | 0.086 |
| HDL < 40 M < 50 F mg/dL | 81 (19.2%) | 24 (21.8%) | 0.791 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 113 ± 30 | 112 ± 42 | 0.964 |
| LDL ≥ 100 mg/dL | 280 (66.8%) | 69 (62.7%) | 0.585 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 138 ± 19 | 143 ± 20 | 0.040 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77 ± 9 | 78 ± 10 | 0.128 |
| BP ≥ 140/85 mmHg | 208 (57.3%) | 68 (66.0%) | 0.092 |
| Non-proliferative retinopathy | 99 (21.7%) | 24 (19.2%) | 0.850 |
| Proliferative retinopathy | 44 (9.6%) | 24 (19.2%) | 0.008 |
| Smokers | 32 (16.8%) | 14 (25.9%) | 0.060 |
| Lipid-lowering treatment | 193 (42.2%) | 60 (48.0%) | 0.302 |
| Treatment with statins | 184 (40.3%) | 54 (43.2%) | 0.589 |
| Treatment with fibrates | 5 (1.1%) | 3 (2.4%) | 0.308 |
| Antihypertensive treatment | 317 (69.4%) | 104 (83.2%) | 0.010 |
| Treatment with ACE-Is/ARBs | 284 (62.1%) | 88 (70.4%) | 0.226 |
| Aspirin | 107 (23.4%) | 32 (25.6%) | 0.715 |
| Insulin pump | 10 (2.2%) | 8 (6.4%) | 0.050 |
Mean ± SD or absolute frequency (percentage). Patients’ baseline missing data: duration of diabetes 18 (3.1%), BMI 108 (18.6%), serum uric acid 225 (38.7%), HbA1c 5 (0.9%), total cholesterol 41 (7.0%), triglycerides 48 (8.2%), HDL 50 (8.6%), LDL 53 (9.1%), blood pressure 116 (19.9%), smokers 337 (57.9%)
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ACE-Is angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin II receptor antagonists
The P value refers to the effect of each variable on 4-year eGFR reduction > 30% at logistic regression analysis adjusted for baseline eGFR