Table 5.
Association of Frailty With 2-Year Incident Disability in Activities of Daily Livinga Among Participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study (1989–1993) and the Health and Retirement Study (2006–2009), United States
| Frailty Score | Cardiovascular Health Study (n = 3,281) | Health and Retirement Study (n = 5,949) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic-Adjustedb | Fully Adjustedc | Demographic-Adjustedb | Fully Adjustedd | |||||
| RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | |
| Continuous frailty score | 1.71 | 1.60, 1.82 | 1.53 | 1.39, 1.68 | 1.72 | 1.65, 1.79 | 1.50 | 1.40, 1.61 |
| Quintilee | ||||||||
| 2 | 1.47 | 1.10, 1.97 | 1.36 | 1.00, 1.87 | 1.43 | 1.09, 1.87 | 1.33 | 0.96, 1.84 |
| 3 | 1.95 | 1.47, 2.58 | 1.45 | 1.05, 1.98 | 2.19 | 1.71, 2.81 | 1.85 | 1.37, 2.52 |
| 4 | 2.99 | 2.29, 3.89 | 2.13 | 1.57, 2.88 | 3.56 | 2.81, 4.50 | 2.45 | 1.82, 3.31 |
| 5 | 4.61 | 3.54, 6.00 | 2.96 | 2.17, 4.02 | 6.72 | 5.33, 8.45 | 3.85 | 2.83, 5.25 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio.
a Participants who reported having difficulty in any of 6 activities of daily living (dressing, eating, toileting, bathing, transferring or getting out of bed, and walking across a room) were considered disabled.
b Adjusted for clinic site (only for the Cardiovascular Health Study), age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education.
c Adjusted for clinic site, age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, and body mass index; history of coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis; cognitive function, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, cystatin C, and total cholesterol.
d Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, and body mass index; history of cardiac disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis; and cognitive function, blood pressure, C-reactive protein, cystatin C, and total cholesterol.
e Quintile 1 was the reference group.