Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patients who underwent major surgical interventions
| Variables | Peri-op AKI (n = 49) | No peri-op AKI (n = 170) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Female | 29 (59.2) | 129 (76.3) | 0.02* |
| Male | 20 (40.8) | 41 (23.7) | |
| Age (years), median (range) | 49 (19–73) | 46 (18–74) | 0.23 |
| SBP (mmHg), median (range) | 120 (70–180) | 120 (80–190) | 0.96 |
| DBP (mmHg), median (range) | 80 (52–150) | 80 (50–115) | 0.75 |
| Duration of primary surgical illness (months), median (range) | 6 (1–96) | 10.5 (1–205) | 0.12 |
| Duration of surgery (min), median (range) | 105 (45–433) | 96 (30–350) | 0.03* |
| Pre-op SCr (µmol/L), median (range) | 106 (44.5–371.3) | 79.6 (61.7–97.2) | 0.01* |
| 24-h post-op SCr (µmol/L), median (range) | 106 (30.4–344.8) | 88.4 (23.2–132.5) | 0.01* |
| Day 7 post-op SCr (µmol/L), median (range) | 105 (32.0–319.5) | 92 (34.6–138.3) | 0.01* |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), median (range) | 77 (39.7–160.4) | 96 (73.4 ±153.0) | 0.01* |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL), mean ± SD | 7.4±1.6 | 7.2±1.4 | 0.86 |
| Types of surgery, n (%) | |||
| Emergency | 14 (28.6) | 16 (9.4) | 0.01* |
| Elective | 35 (71.4) | 154 (90.6) | |
| Presence of at least one comorbidity, n (%) | 15 (30.6) | 56 (32.9) | 0.76 |
| Surgical diagnoses, n (%) | |||
| Breast carcinoma | 17 (34.5) | 63 (37.1) | 0.86 |
| Thyroid tumour | 10 (20.4) | 26 (15.2) | |
| Abdominal wall hernia | 4 (8.9) | 10 (5.8) | |
| Acute appendicitis | 3 (6.1) | 11 (64.7) | |
| Intestinal obstruction | 3 (6.1) | 7 (4.1) | |
| Pancreatic carcinoma | 2 (4.1) | 7 (4.1) | |
| Soft tissue sarcoma | 0 (0) | 8 (4.7) | |
| Colorectal carcinoma | 1 (2.0) | 5 (2.9) | |
| Enterocutaneous fistula | 1 (2.0) | 4 (2.4) | |
| Others | 8 (16.3) | 29 (17.1) | |
| Surgical interventions, n (%) | |||
| Mastectomy | 21 (42.9) | 59 (34.7) | 0.38 |
| Exploratory laparotomya | 13 (26.5) | 40 (23.5) | |
| Thyroidectomy | 2 (4.1) | 34 (20.0) | |
| Appendectomy | 5 (10.2) | 6 (3.5) | |
| Wide excision (sarcoma) | 1 (2.0) | 10 (5.9) | |
| Herniorrhaphy | 1 (2.0) | 9 (5.3) | |
| Axillary clearance | 2 (4.1) | 1 (0.6) | |
| Cholecystectomy | 1 (2.0) | 2 (1.2) | |
| Others | 3 (6.1) | 11 (1.8) | |
| Types of anaesthesia used, n (%) | |||
| GA with isoflurane plus propofol | 36 (73.4) | 134 (78.8) | 0.43 |
| GA with halothane | 7 (14.3) | 20 (11.8) | |
| GA with ketamine | 1 (2.0) | 3 (1.8) | |
| Spinal anaesthesia | 5 (10.3) | 13 (7.6) |
BP, blood pressure; GA, general anaesthesia; SD, standard deviation.
*P-value less than 0.05.
aExploratory laparotomy in 30 cases (13.7%) were with additional surgical procedures such as bowel resection, appendectomy, splenectomy or adhesiolysis.